When "Ulysses and the Sirens" was first exhibited at the Royal Academy of London in 1891, the painting was highly praised by most art critics of the time. Sir Hubert von Herkomer purchased the painting for the National Gallery of Victoria in June 1891. It was only the second painting he acquired from John William Waterhouse, a renowned artist famous for his mythological subjects and depictions of mysterious women.

This dramatic painting portrays a segment of the Greek hero Ulysses' voyage, as described in the "Odyssey" by the ancient Greek poet Homer. The Royal Academy summarized the image: "The Sirens, who by their song allure sailors to destruction, sing to all those who come within hearing. It is fatal for those who listen, and they ensure that their chosen victims perish. For this reason, they prefer a deserted and deadly shore and desire that the arms of their selected victim be bound."

In classical mythology, the Sirens were depicted as clawed creatures with the body and head of a beautiful woman. In the Victorian era, mythical creatures such as Sirens, mermaids, and nymphs became central figures in Waterhouse's paintings. His work often explored themes of temptation and enchantment, using these mythological beings to evoke both fascination and fear.

The painting "Ulysses and the Sirens" is a quintessential example of Waterhouse's skill in blending classical mythology with Victorian aesthetics. The intense drama and meticulous attention to detail in the portrayal of the Sirens and Ulysses highlight the artist's ability to capture the allure and danger of these legendary creatures. Today, this painting remains a significant piece in the National Gallery of Victoria, celebrated for its historical and artistic value.