Zero-knowledge proofs (ZK), as a new generation of cryptography and scaling infrastructure, are showing strong potential across scaling, privacy computing, zkML, and cross-chain verification. Yet the heavy computation and latency of proof generation remain the key bottlenecks to industrial adoption. Hence ZK hardware acceleration is critical: GPUs lead in generality and iteration speed, ASICs point to the endgame in efficiency, and FPGAs strike a balance between programmability and efficiency—to
