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AgorismAnarcho-Universalism
https://anarcho.app Ⓐ Ⓥ Ⓔ - The Order of the DisOrder; The Justice of InJusticehttps://tinyurl.com/Indi-collectivism1 https://tinyurl.com/Indi-collectivism2 https://tinyurl.com/h-zinn-history https://tinyurl.com/declare-independence https://tinyurl.com/constitution-1 https://tinyurl.com/apportionment1 Statism vs… https://tinyurl.com/ancient-anarchismhttps://tinyurl.com/ancient-anarchism2https://tinyurl.com/stateless-nations https://tinyurl.com/devolution-spain https://tinyurl.com/stateless-na...
AgorismAncient Genealogy & History
https://tinyurl.com/energyism-1https://tinyurl.com/energyism-2https://tinyurl.com/big-bangerhttps://tinyurl.com/qesem-cave-boneshttps://tinyurl.com/berbers-1https://tinyurl.com/berbers-2https://tinyurl.com/gen-treeshttps://tinyurl.com/abo-history9https://tinyurl.com/pattern-languagehttps://tinyurl.com/native-tongueshttps://tinyurl.com/semitic-phttps://tinyurl.com/supertree-1https://tinyurl.com/spatial-maizeFrequency distribution of the main mtDNA American haplogroups in Native American popula...
AgorismNostr Apps
Anti-Capitalism: Mutual Aid - Defense against control Open Education - Defense against mind control Boycott - Defense against pricing gouging Strikes - Defense against wage theft Self Organized Health Clinics - Defense against personal health issueshttps://nostr.org & https://nostr.com - Nostr is a simple, open protocol that enables global, decentralized, and censorship-resistant social media. https://activitypub.rocks & https://www.w3.org/TR/activitypub/ - ActivityPub is a decentralized soci...
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Companies and Organizations Directly or Indirectly Benefited From Slavery
U.S. Government - used slaves to build White House, Federal buildings other buildings, canal improvements, Extension Construction, and inaugural activities. in Washington, DC Need references Political Parties - DNC & RNC (Democrats & Republicans)
U.S. Military - used slaves. More information and source verification needed
Apology to People of Color for APA’s (American Psychological Association) Role in Promoting, Perpetuating, and Failing to Challenge Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Human Hierarchy in U.S. Resolution adopted by the APA Council of Representatives on October 29, 2021 https://www.apa.org/about/policy/racism-apology
Faith Based Organizations Catholic Church – Jesuit Plantation in Maryland and Georgetown University (1)
Businesses Associated in some way with Slavery Railroads CSX Corp (2,4) Norfolk Southern – the Mobile & Girard, now part of Norfolk Southern, used slaves Central of Georgia, at that time now part of Norfolk Southern, owned slaves (4) Union Pacific (5) Canadian National (5)
Newspapers Knight Ridder, (5) Tribune, (5) Media General, (5) Advance Publications, (5) E.W. Scripps and Gannett, parent and publisher of USA TODAY.(5) USA Today –Gannett, its parent company, had links to slavery. (4)
Consumer Goods Brooks Brothers – made clothes for slaves (4) Tiffany’s – founded with cotton mill profits from slaves working with cotton (4) . WestPoint Stevens. Textiles Need verification (5)
Banks and Financial Institutions
Brown Brothers Harriman Brown Lehman Bros owned slaves (4, 5) J.P. Morgan - accepted slaves as collateral and owned slaves(2,4) Chase Manhattan Bank (2) Riggs Bank - Needs verification. Purchased by PNC Bank (3) Bank of America – accepted slaves as collateral (4) Wells Fargo company - purchased by them owned or accepted slaves as collateral (4) FleetBoston Financial Corp. (2,4) Aetna based in Hartford, CT - insured slaves. has helped African Americans (2) New York Life, insured slaves (2,4) AIG - bought American General Financial which owns US Life Insurance Company. US Life used to insure the lives of slaves. (2,4) The Rothschild family combined with the Dutch House of Orange to found Bank of Amsterdam in the early 1600’s as the world’s first central bank. Prince William of Orange married into the English House of Windsor, taking King James II’s daughter Mary as his bride. The Orange Order Brotherhood, which has recently fomented Northern Ireland Protestant violence, put William III on the English throne where he ruled both Holland and Britain. In 1694 William III teamed up with the Rothschilds to launch the Bank of England.
In 1791, former Morris aide and chief advocate for Northern mercantile interests, Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, accepted a compromise with the Southern lawmakers to ensure the continuation of Morris's Bank project; in exchange for support by the South for a national bank, Hamilton agreed to ensure sufficient support to have the national or federal capital moved from its temporary Northern location, New York, to a "Southern" location on the Potomac. As a result, the First Bank of the United States (1791–1811) was chartered by Congress within the year and signed by George Washington soon after. The First Bank of the United States was modeled after the Bank of England and differed in many ways from today's central banks. The Banking Houses of Morgan and Rockefeller - The Four Horsemen of Banking (Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup and Wells Fargo) own the Four Horsemen of Oil (Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch/Shell, BP and Chevron Texaco); in tandem with Deutsche Bank, BNP, Barclays and other European old money behemoths.
Educational Institutions Harvard Law School – endowed with money from slave owner from Isaac Royall, an Antiguan. (4) Harvard University, recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Yale University - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Penn - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Columbia University- recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Rutgers - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Brown -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Dartmouth - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) University of Delaware -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Princeton University -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) University of Virginia (5)
https://rsgincorp.org/litigation/ & https://rsgincorp.org/direct-action/
https://tinyurl.com/13th-14th-15th-fail
** Here is a possible draft of a reparations bill that would pay $2 trillion per year for 100 years to descendants of slaves, prorated based on age:**
**But…https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0604_1934.pdf - **Labor was greater than 2 dollars a day & that doesn’t include harm. Just labor alone could be upwards of 5x that amount. As a baseline.
Section 1: Purpose
The purpose of this bill is to provide reparations for the descendants of slaves, in recognition of the long-lasting, fundamental injustice, & intergenerational harm caused by slavery and its legacy of discrimination and inequality.
“My position is this—I repeat it—I will maintain it to my last hour,—taxation and representation are inseparable;—this position is founded on the laws of nature; it is more, it is itself an eternal law of nature; for whatever is a man’s own, is absolutely his own; no man hath a right to take it from him without his consent, either expressed by himself or representative; whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury; whoever does it, commits a robbery; he throws down and destroys the distinction between liberty and slavery. Taxation and representation are coeval with and essential to this constitution” - John Locke
By 1774, the words “taxation without representation” had become identified with the American conflict. Town meetings in Dover, New Hampshire, and York, Massachusetts (Maine), both issued statements using the phrase in January 1774. The sympathetic London clergyman James Burgh (1714-1775) included a chapter titled “Of Taxation without Representation” in his long book Political Disquisitions; or, An Enquiry into Public Errors, Defects, and Abuses. In July 1775, a suspected Loyalist locked up in a Connecticut prison even parroted the words back at his American captors. Early histories of the American conflict quoted the phrase, and Irish political activists also adopted it in the 1790s.
Whereas, voting rights were not fully secured for Black Americans / American Negroes until the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Whereas, the legacy of slavery continued through Jim Crow segregation, discriminatory housing policies, and other forms of institutional racism that have persisted to the present day.
Section 2: Eligibility
(a) To be eligible for reparations, an individual must be a descendant of a person who was enslaved in the United States at least 1865-1895.
(b) Eligibility will be determined on a prorated basis, based on the age of the eligible individual. The younger the individual, the higher the prorated share. This is to recognize the ongoing impact of slavery and its legacy on younger generations.
Section 3: Reparations Fund
(a) A Reparations Fund is hereby established to provide for the payment of reparations to eligible individuals.
(b) The Reparations Fund will be funded by the federal government, with an annual allocation of $2 trillion.
(c) The Reparations Fund will be administered by a Reparations Commission, which will be established by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Section 4: Payment of Reparations
(a) Payments will be made annually to eligible individuals, prorated based on their age.
(b) The Reparations Commission will establish a process for identifying and verifying eligible individuals, and for distributing payments.
(c) Payments may take the form of cash payments & land by default, also open education, job training, & investments in community development via Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, or other forms of compensation as determined by the Reparations Commission.
(d) Reparations payments may be used by eligible recipients for any purpose they choose, including but not limited to education, healthcare, housing, and starting a business.
Section 5: Oversight and Accountability
(a) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be responsible for overseeing the distribution for reparations and ensuring that funds are used effectively and efficiently.
(b) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be required to report annually to Congress & Public on the distribution of reparations and the impact of the program on eligible individuals and communities.
(c) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be subject to audits and reviews by the Government Accountability Office and other oversight agencies.
(d) The Reparations Commission & Recipients shall be authorized to request appropriations from Congress to fund the reparations program established by this Act.
(e) In its first effort to counteract such use of violence and intimidation, Congress passed the Enforcement Act of May 1870, which prohibited groups of people from banding together "or to go in disguise upon the public highways, or upon the premises of another" with the intention of violating citizens’ constitutional rights. Even this legislation did not diminish harassment of black voters in some areas. While these committees were investigating southern attempts to impede Reconstruction, the Senate passed two more Force acts, also known as the Ku Klux Klan acts, designed to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
The Second Force Act, which became law in February 1871, placed administration of national elections under the control of the federal government and empowered federal judges and United States marshals to supervise local polling places. The Third Force Act, dated April 1871, empowered the president to use the armed forces to combat those who conspired to deny equal protection of the laws and to suspend habeas corpus, if necessary, to enforce the act.
While the Force acts and the publicity generated by the joint committee temporarily helped put an end to the violence and intimidation, the end of formal Reconstruction in 1877 allowed for a return of largescale disenfranchisement of Black Americans / American Negroes.
https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm
To ensure the Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871, community driven committees as part of local sheriffs departments. For any backlash &/or any payment to recipients & all damages shall be funded by congress thru reparations fund as additional costs.
Section 6: Sunset Provision
(a) This bill will remain in effect for 100 years from the date of enactment.
(b) After 100 years, the Reparations Fund will be dissolved and any remaining funds will be issued & paid out to any descendants of recipients.
This is just one possible draft of a reparations bill. The actual bill may differ in its details and provisions, and would require extensive debate and discussion in Congress before being passed into law.
https://tinyurl.com/scipio-africanus-1
https://tinyurl.com/roman-freedman
https://tinyurl.com/slave-trade-3
https://tinyurl.com/roman-african-church
https://tinyurl.com/slave-trade-2
https://tinyurl.com/NegroFreedman
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V5gjpGIE24bQiuBKO9lltvwEN3uF2I2i/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lSUuG7CW1W00AJiVX3QkQVGLKqm8_XyL/view?usp=share_link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/172qLWJD84DBmViBa2jY2e2s60virz1pR/view?usp=sharing
https://www.slavevoyages.org/past/database#maps
https://tinyurl.com/albert-perry
https://tinyurl.com/ply-sep-iewes
FreedmAn (https://thelawdictionary.org/freedman/)...
Negro
Black American…
https://www.familysearch.org/en/
https://www.regulations.gov/document/OMB-2023-0001-0001
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB189
This bill would, commencing January 1, 2024, require the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of Californians hired into state employment, to use additional collection categories and tabulations for specified Black or African American groups. The bill would require inclusion of that data in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025, as specified.
…
8310.6
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV§ionNum=8310.6.
(a) On or after January 1, 2024, the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the State Controller’s Office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of persons hired into state employment, shall include the following additional collection categories and tabulations for Black or African American groups, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(1) African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States.
(2) Blacks who are not descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States, including, but not limited to, African Blacks, Caribbean Blacks, and other Blacks.
(3) Unknown or choose not to identify.
(b) The data collected pursuant to the collection categories and tabulations described in subdivision (a) shall be included in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025. The data shall be made available to the public in accordance with state and federal law, except for personally identifiable information, which shall be deemed confidential.
(c) For the purposes of this section:
(1) “African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, African American, or American Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(2) “African Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either immigrated directly from Africa to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(3) “American Freedmen” means persons who gained freedom from slavery in the United States or their descendants.
(4) “Caribbean Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa for a Caribbean country before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(5) “Other Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa to a country not in the Caribbean before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
SEC. 14. Section 8310.6 is added to the Government Code, to read:
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV§ionNum=8310.6.
8310.6. (a) On or after January 1, 2024, the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the State Controller’s Office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of persons hired into state employment, shall include the following additional collection categories and tabulations for Black or African American groups, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(1) African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States.
(2) Blacks who are not descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States, including, but not limited to, African Blacks, Caribbean Blacks, and other Blacks.
(3) Unknown or choose not to identify.
(b) The data collected pursuant to the collection categories and tabulations described in subdivision (a) shall be included in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025. The data shall be made available to the public in accordance with state and federal law, except for personally identifiable information, which shall be deemed confidential.
(c) For the purposes of this section:
(0) “Freedman” means persons who gained freedom from slavery in the United States or their descendants.
(1) “Black Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, American Negro, American Freedman, &/or any other Aboriginal Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(2) “African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, African American, &/or African Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(3) “African Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either immigrated directly from Africa to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(4) “Caribbean Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa for a Caribbean country before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(5) “Other Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa to a country not in the Caribbean before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
https://tinyurl.com/reparate - Current Bills & History…
https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations
https://tinyurl.com/reps-all-time1
https://tinyurl.com/rep-polls1
https://tinyurl.com/liberty-power
https://tinyurl.com/3rdparty-Anti-slavery
https://tinyurl.com/the-bureau
https://tinyurl.com/slave-catch
https://tinyurl.com/slavery-capitalism
https://tinyurl.com/religion-white-rage
https://tinyurl.com/attitude-toward-negro
https://tinyurl.com/immortal-henrietta
https://tinyurl.com/mutualaid-bpp
https://tinyurl.com/half-was-never
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-1
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-3
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-2
https://ir.citi.com/NvIUklHPilz14Hwd3oxqZBLMn1_XPqo5FrxsZD0x6hhil84ZxaxEuJUWmak51UHvYk75VKeHCMI%3D
or…
https://tinyurl.com/racism-cost-16-trill
https://www.rd.com/list/institutions-you-didnt-know-had-ties-to-slavery/
https://tinyurl.com/systematic-race
https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/ir-02-08.pdf
https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Future-of-Money-and-Payments.pdf
Pg 13…
https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/WhitePapers/DDP-DTCC-Pilot-Report.pdf
https://www.dtcc.com/ust1/by-the-numbers
https://www.dtcc.com/clearance-settlement-guide/#/chapterOne
https://tinyurl.com/rep-polls1
https://tinyurl.com/money-panics2
https://tinyurl.com/money-panics1
Need help…?
https://tinyurl.com/what-we-get-wrong
https://tinyurl.com/blk-wealth
https://tinyurl.com/giving-stuff1
https://tinyurl.com/PTSS-Freedman
https://tinyurl.com/here2equality
https://tinyurl.com/powernomics-1
https://tinyurl.com/direct-act
https://tinyurl.com/mutual-aid-1
https://tinyurl.com/mutualaid-spread
https://tinyurl.com/anarcho-maximism
https://tinyurl.com/class-action1
https://tinyurl.com/class-action2
https://www.actec.org/the-fight-for-justice-reparations-and-bruces-beach-PR/
https://rsgincorp.org/litigation/
https://fiscal.treasury.gov/judgment-fund/
https://thelawdictionary.org/ - 2nd edition
9th Edition definitions…
https://tinyurl.com/negro-slavery
https://tinyurl.com/black-worker
https://thelawdictionary.org/indians/
https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-communities-7-questions-about-freedmen-answered
https://tinyurl.com/american-indian-legal
https://tinyurl.com/american-indian-legal2
https://tinyurl.com/cramer-vs-usa
https://tinyurl.com/johnson-vs-m-intosh
https://tinyurl.com/marbury-vs-madison
https://tinyurl.com/sherrill-vs-oneida
https://tinyurl.com/power-of-land
https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/slavesfree/slavesfree.html
https://tinyurl.com/negro-law1
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uv3rXhRT6m0Rm4pjRsS58S_F8txjHnK-/view?usp=sharing
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker2
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker3
1682: Christian Parentage (Virginia Slave Act) 1682: Virginia "Act I. It is enacted that all servants [...] which shall be imported into this country...whether Negroes, Moors, mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian [...] are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes."
In addition to Virginia, several other states passed laws that reclassified Native Americans as Black. In South Carolina, the Cherokee Nation was reclassified as “Negro” in 1842. In Georgia, all Native Americans were considered “colored” in the 1870s. In Louisiana, the Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Chickamaugas were reclassified as “Negro” in 1884. In Mississippi, the Choctaws and Chickasaws were reclassified as “Negro” in 1896. In Alabama, the Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles were reclassified as “Negro” in 1901. In Texas, all Native Americans were reclassified as “Negro” in 1903.
This law code, along with other discriminatory laws, was eventually overturned in the 1920s as part of the Indian Citizenship Act
https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=ees
https://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/forbes_2-africans_and_native_americans.pdf
https://tinyurl.com/fed-rec-map
https://tinyurl.com/abo-drafting
Cramer v. United States (1923) involved would-be Indian reservations (as provided for in the aforementioned unratified treaties) that had subsequently been granted to railroads by the federal government.[65] The United States District Court for the Northern District of California canceled the railroad's land patents based upon the actual use and occupation of the Indians since 1855.[66] The Ninth Circuit agreed with the District Court, but canceled the entirety of the patents at issue.[67]
The Supreme Court considered six arguments by the railroad. First, it rejected the railroad's argument that the exceptions to the grant did not specifically mention Indians; instead, the court held that all land grants are presumed to be granted subject to aboriginal title.[68]
Next, the Court considered the Act of 1851. The Court held that it was irrelevant:
The act plainly has no application. The Indians here concerned do not belong to any of the classes described therein and their claims were in no way derived from the Spanish or Mexican governments. Moreover, it does not appear that these Indians were occupying the lands in question when the act was passed.[69]
Third, the Court rejected the argument that the federal government could not bring suit on behalf of the tribe.[70] Fourth, the Court rejected the statute limiting the time in which the government could challenge the validity of its land patents, holding that did not apply to suits on behalf of Indians.[71] Fifth, the Court rejected estoppel: "Since these Indians with the implied consent of the government had acquired such rights of occupancy as entitled them to retain possession as against the defendants, no officer or agent of the government had authority to deal with the land upon any other theory."[72] Finally, however, the Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's voiding of the entire patents, holding that only the portions possessed by the Indians should be void.[73]
The holding in Cramer lay dormant for many years. Decade later, Justice Douglas dissent to the denial of certiorari where the lower court had denied a California Indian defendant the ability to defend a criminal prosecution for illegal logging on the basis of individual aboriginal title as recognized in Cramer.[74] The Court has since elaborated on the basis for its holding in Cramer:
This holding was based upon the well-understood governmental policy of encouraging the Indian to forgo his wandering habits and adopt those of civilized life; and it was said that to hold that by so doing he acquired no possessory rights to the lands occupied, to which the government would accord protection, would be contrary to the whole spirit of the traditional American policy toward these dependent wards of the nation. The fact that such right of occupancy finds no recognition in any statute or other formal governmental action is not conclusive.[75]
United States v. Dann (1989) is the most in-depth consideration of individual aboriginal title since Cramer.[76] There, although the relevant tribal aboriginal title had been extinguished, and an ordinance prohibited entry onto the federal lands in question, the Court found that the defendants could and did establish individual aboriginal title based on their use of the lands before the ordinance.[77] The Ninth Circuit (in an appeal from Nevada, not California) held:
[An individual] establish[es] aboriginal title in much the same manner that a tribe does. An individual might be able to show that his or her lineal ancestors held and occupied, as individuals, a particular tract of land, to the exclusion of all others, from time immemorial, and that this title had never been extinguished.[78]
However, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the federal policies in place at the time of Cramer had changed and thus:
In short, an Indian cannot today gain a right of occupancy simply by occupying public land, as the Indians did in Cramer. Under current law, that occupancy could not be viewed as undertaken with the implied consent of the government, as was the occupancy in Cramer. We therefore conclude that any individual occupancy rights acquired by the Danns must have had their inception prior to November 26, 1934, the date that the lands in question were withdrawn from entry by Executive Order No. 6910.[79]
Individual aboriginal title is a fact-specific and fact-intensive defense, which is difficult to raise as a criminal affirmative defense, for which the defendant has the burden of proof.[80]
…
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aboriginal
aboriginal (adj.)
1660s, "first, earliest, existing from the beginning," especially in reference to inhabitants of lands colonized by Europeans, from aborigines (see aborigine) + -al (1). The specific Australian sense is attested from 1820. The noun meaning "an original inhabitant, an autochthon" is attested from 1760. Related: Aboriginally; aboriginality (1848); aboriginalism (1859).
aborigine (n.)
"person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times," 1858, mistaken singular of aborigines (1540s; aboriginal is considered the correct singular in English), from Latin aborigines "the first inhabitants," especially of Latium, hence "the first ancestors of the Romans;" possibly a tribal name, or from or made to conform to the Latin phrase ab origine, which means literally "from the beginning."
This is from ab "off, away from" (see ab-) + ablative of origo "a rise, commencement, beginning, source; descent, lineage, birth," from stem of oriri "arise, rise; be born, be descended, receive life" (see origin). Extended 1789 to natives of other countries which Europeans have colonized, especially "aboriginal inhabitant of Australia." Australian slang shortening Abo attested from 1922 (n.), 1906 (adj.).
-al (1)
suffix forming adjectives from nouns or other adjectives, "of, like, related to, pertaining to," Middle English -al, -el, from French or directly from Latin -alis.
https://tinyurl.com/lobbying-1
https://tinyurl.com/lobbying-2
Companies and Organizations Directly or Indirectly Benefited From Slavery
U.S. Government - used slaves to build White House, Federal buildings other buildings, canal improvements, Extension Construction, and inaugural activities. in Washington, DC Need references Political Parties - DNC & RNC (Democrats & Republicans)
U.S. Military - used slaves. More information and source verification needed
Apology to People of Color for APA’s (American Psychological Association) Role in Promoting, Perpetuating, and Failing to Challenge Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Human Hierarchy in U.S. Resolution adopted by the APA Council of Representatives on October 29, 2021 https://www.apa.org/about/policy/racism-apology
Faith Based Organizations Catholic Church – Jesuit Plantation in Maryland and Georgetown University (1)
Businesses Associated in some way with Slavery Railroads CSX Corp (2,4) Norfolk Southern – the Mobile & Girard, now part of Norfolk Southern, used slaves Central of Georgia, at that time now part of Norfolk Southern, owned slaves (4) Union Pacific (5) Canadian National (5)
Newspapers Knight Ridder, (5) Tribune, (5) Media General, (5) Advance Publications, (5) E.W. Scripps and Gannett, parent and publisher of USA TODAY.(5) USA Today –Gannett, its parent company, had links to slavery. (4)
Consumer Goods Brooks Brothers – made clothes for slaves (4) Tiffany’s – founded with cotton mill profits from slaves working with cotton (4) . WestPoint Stevens. Textiles Need verification (5)
Banks and Financial Institutions
Brown Brothers Harriman Brown Lehman Bros owned slaves (4, 5) J.P. Morgan - accepted slaves as collateral and owned slaves(2,4) Chase Manhattan Bank (2) Riggs Bank - Needs verification. Purchased by PNC Bank (3) Bank of America – accepted slaves as collateral (4) Wells Fargo company - purchased by them owned or accepted slaves as collateral (4) FleetBoston Financial Corp. (2,4) Aetna based in Hartford, CT - insured slaves. has helped African Americans (2) New York Life, insured slaves (2,4) AIG - bought American General Financial which owns US Life Insurance Company. US Life used to insure the lives of slaves. (2,4) The Rothschild family combined with the Dutch House of Orange to found Bank of Amsterdam in the early 1600’s as the world’s first central bank. Prince William of Orange married into the English House of Windsor, taking King James II’s daughter Mary as his bride. The Orange Order Brotherhood, which has recently fomented Northern Ireland Protestant violence, put William III on the English throne where he ruled both Holland and Britain. In 1694 William III teamed up with the Rothschilds to launch the Bank of England.
In 1791, former Morris aide and chief advocate for Northern mercantile interests, Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, accepted a compromise with the Southern lawmakers to ensure the continuation of Morris's Bank project; in exchange for support by the South for a national bank, Hamilton agreed to ensure sufficient support to have the national or federal capital moved from its temporary Northern location, New York, to a "Southern" location on the Potomac. As a result, the First Bank of the United States (1791–1811) was chartered by Congress within the year and signed by George Washington soon after. The First Bank of the United States was modeled after the Bank of England and differed in many ways from today's central banks. The Banking Houses of Morgan and Rockefeller - The Four Horsemen of Banking (Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup and Wells Fargo) own the Four Horsemen of Oil (Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch/Shell, BP and Chevron Texaco); in tandem with Deutsche Bank, BNP, Barclays and other European old money behemoths.
Educational Institutions Harvard Law School – endowed with money from slave owner from Isaac Royall, an Antiguan. (4) Harvard University, recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Yale University - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Penn - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Columbia University- recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Rutgers - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Brown -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Dartmouth - recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) University of Delaware -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) Princeton University -recruited and raised money from slave owning families (4) University of Virginia (5)
https://rsgincorp.org/litigation/ & https://rsgincorp.org/direct-action/
https://tinyurl.com/13th-14th-15th-fail
** Here is a possible draft of a reparations bill that would pay $2 trillion per year for 100 years to descendants of slaves, prorated based on age:**
**But…https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0604_1934.pdf - **Labor was greater than 2 dollars a day & that doesn’t include harm. Just labor alone could be upwards of 5x that amount. As a baseline.
Section 1: Purpose
The purpose of this bill is to provide reparations for the descendants of slaves, in recognition of the long-lasting, fundamental injustice, & intergenerational harm caused by slavery and its legacy of discrimination and inequality.
“My position is this—I repeat it—I will maintain it to my last hour,—taxation and representation are inseparable;—this position is founded on the laws of nature; it is more, it is itself an eternal law of nature; for whatever is a man’s own, is absolutely his own; no man hath a right to take it from him without his consent, either expressed by himself or representative; whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury; whoever does it, commits a robbery; he throws down and destroys the distinction between liberty and slavery. Taxation and representation are coeval with and essential to this constitution” - John Locke
By 1774, the words “taxation without representation” had become identified with the American conflict. Town meetings in Dover, New Hampshire, and York, Massachusetts (Maine), both issued statements using the phrase in January 1774. The sympathetic London clergyman James Burgh (1714-1775) included a chapter titled “Of Taxation without Representation” in his long book Political Disquisitions; or, An Enquiry into Public Errors, Defects, and Abuses. In July 1775, a suspected Loyalist locked up in a Connecticut prison even parroted the words back at his American captors. Early histories of the American conflict quoted the phrase, and Irish political activists also adopted it in the 1790s.
Whereas, voting rights were not fully secured for Black Americans / American Negroes until the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Whereas, the legacy of slavery continued through Jim Crow segregation, discriminatory housing policies, and other forms of institutional racism that have persisted to the present day.
Section 2: Eligibility
(a) To be eligible for reparations, an individual must be a descendant of a person who was enslaved in the United States at least 1865-1895.
(b) Eligibility will be determined on a prorated basis, based on the age of the eligible individual. The younger the individual, the higher the prorated share. This is to recognize the ongoing impact of slavery and its legacy on younger generations.
Section 3: Reparations Fund
(a) A Reparations Fund is hereby established to provide for the payment of reparations to eligible individuals.
(b) The Reparations Fund will be funded by the federal government, with an annual allocation of $2 trillion.
(c) The Reparations Fund will be administered by a Reparations Commission, which will be established by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Section 4: Payment of Reparations
(a) Payments will be made annually to eligible individuals, prorated based on their age.
(b) The Reparations Commission will establish a process for identifying and verifying eligible individuals, and for distributing payments.
(c) Payments may take the form of cash payments & land by default, also open education, job training, & investments in community development via Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, or other forms of compensation as determined by the Reparations Commission.
(d) Reparations payments may be used by eligible recipients for any purpose they choose, including but not limited to education, healthcare, housing, and starting a business.
Section 5: Oversight and Accountability
(a) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be responsible for overseeing the distribution for reparations and ensuring that funds are used effectively and efficiently.
(b) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be required to report annually to Congress & Public on the distribution of reparations and the impact of the program on eligible individuals and communities.
(c) The Reparations Commission &/or IRS will be subject to audits and reviews by the Government Accountability Office and other oversight agencies.
(d) The Reparations Commission & Recipients shall be authorized to request appropriations from Congress to fund the reparations program established by this Act.
(e) In its first effort to counteract such use of violence and intimidation, Congress passed the Enforcement Act of May 1870, which prohibited groups of people from banding together "or to go in disguise upon the public highways, or upon the premises of another" with the intention of violating citizens’ constitutional rights. Even this legislation did not diminish harassment of black voters in some areas. While these committees were investigating southern attempts to impede Reconstruction, the Senate passed two more Force acts, also known as the Ku Klux Klan acts, designed to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
The Second Force Act, which became law in February 1871, placed administration of national elections under the control of the federal government and empowered federal judges and United States marshals to supervise local polling places. The Third Force Act, dated April 1871, empowered the president to use the armed forces to combat those who conspired to deny equal protection of the laws and to suspend habeas corpus, if necessary, to enforce the act.
While the Force acts and the publicity generated by the joint committee temporarily helped put an end to the violence and intimidation, the end of formal Reconstruction in 1877 allowed for a return of largescale disenfranchisement of Black Americans / American Negroes.
https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm
To ensure the Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871, community driven committees as part of local sheriffs departments. For any backlash &/or any payment to recipients & all damages shall be funded by congress thru reparations fund as additional costs.
Section 6: Sunset Provision
(a) This bill will remain in effect for 100 years from the date of enactment.
(b) After 100 years, the Reparations Fund will be dissolved and any remaining funds will be issued & paid out to any descendants of recipients.
This is just one possible draft of a reparations bill. The actual bill may differ in its details and provisions, and would require extensive debate and discussion in Congress before being passed into law.
https://tinyurl.com/scipio-africanus-1
https://tinyurl.com/roman-freedman
https://tinyurl.com/slave-trade-3
https://tinyurl.com/roman-african-church
https://tinyurl.com/slave-trade-2
https://tinyurl.com/NegroFreedman
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V5gjpGIE24bQiuBKO9lltvwEN3uF2I2i/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lSUuG7CW1W00AJiVX3QkQVGLKqm8_XyL/view?usp=share_link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/172qLWJD84DBmViBa2jY2e2s60virz1pR/view?usp=sharing
https://www.slavevoyages.org/past/database#maps
https://tinyurl.com/albert-perry
https://tinyurl.com/ply-sep-iewes
FreedmAn (https://thelawdictionary.org/freedman/)...
Negro
Black American…
https://www.familysearch.org/en/
https://www.regulations.gov/document/OMB-2023-0001-0001
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB189
This bill would, commencing January 1, 2024, require the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of Californians hired into state employment, to use additional collection categories and tabulations for specified Black or African American groups. The bill would require inclusion of that data in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025, as specified.
…
8310.6
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV§ionNum=8310.6.
(a) On or after January 1, 2024, the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the State Controller’s Office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of persons hired into state employment, shall include the following additional collection categories and tabulations for Black or African American groups, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(1) African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States.
(2) Blacks who are not descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States, including, but not limited to, African Blacks, Caribbean Blacks, and other Blacks.
(3) Unknown or choose not to identify.
(b) The data collected pursuant to the collection categories and tabulations described in subdivision (a) shall be included in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025. The data shall be made available to the public in accordance with state and federal law, except for personally identifiable information, which shall be deemed confidential.
(c) For the purposes of this section:
(1) “African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, African American, or American Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(2) “African Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either immigrated directly from Africa to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(3) “American Freedmen” means persons who gained freedom from slavery in the United States or their descendants.
(4) “Caribbean Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa for a Caribbean country before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(5) “Other Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa to a country not in the Caribbean before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
SEC. 14. Section 8310.6 is added to the Government Code, to read:
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV§ionNum=8310.6.
8310.6. (a) On or after January 1, 2024, the State Controller’s Office, to the extent the State Controller’s Office has completed the functionality necessary, and the Department of Human Resources, when collecting demographic data as to the ancestry or ethnic origin of persons hired into state employment, shall include the following additional collection categories and tabulations for Black or African American groups, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(1) African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States.
(2) Blacks who are not descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States, including, but not limited to, African Blacks, Caribbean Blacks, and other Blacks.
(3) Unknown or choose not to identify.
(b) The data collected pursuant to the collection categories and tabulations described in subdivision (a) shall be included in the Annual Census of Employees in State Civil Service report published or released on or after January 1, 2025. The data shall be made available to the public in accordance with state and federal law, except for personally identifiable information, which shall be deemed confidential.
(c) For the purposes of this section:
(0) “Freedman” means persons who gained freedom from slavery in the United States or their descendants.
(1) “Black Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, American Negro, American Freedman, &/or any other Aboriginal Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(2) “African Americans who are descendants of persons who were enslaved in the United States” means individuals who self-identify as Black, African American, &/or African Freedman who have at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the United States.
(3) “African Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either immigrated directly from Africa to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(4) “Caribbean Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa for a Caribbean country before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
(5) “Other Blacks” means individuals who self-identify as Black and who either left Africa to a country not in the Caribbean before immigrating to the United States or who are descendants of such a person and who have no ancestors who were enslaved in the United States.
https://tinyurl.com/reparate - Current Bills & History…
https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations
https://tinyurl.com/reps-all-time1
https://tinyurl.com/rep-polls1
https://tinyurl.com/liberty-power
https://tinyurl.com/3rdparty-Anti-slavery
https://tinyurl.com/the-bureau
https://tinyurl.com/slave-catch
https://tinyurl.com/slavery-capitalism
https://tinyurl.com/religion-white-rage
https://tinyurl.com/attitude-toward-negro
https://tinyurl.com/immortal-henrietta
https://tinyurl.com/mutualaid-bpp
https://tinyurl.com/half-was-never
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-1
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-3
https://tinyurl.com/genocide-2
https://ir.citi.com/NvIUklHPilz14Hwd3oxqZBLMn1_XPqo5FrxsZD0x6hhil84ZxaxEuJUWmak51UHvYk75VKeHCMI%3D
or…
https://tinyurl.com/racism-cost-16-trill
https://www.rd.com/list/institutions-you-didnt-know-had-ties-to-slavery/
https://tinyurl.com/systematic-race
https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/ir-02-08.pdf
https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Future-of-Money-and-Payments.pdf
Pg 13…
https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/WhitePapers/DDP-DTCC-Pilot-Report.pdf
https://www.dtcc.com/ust1/by-the-numbers
https://www.dtcc.com/clearance-settlement-guide/#/chapterOne
https://tinyurl.com/rep-polls1
https://tinyurl.com/money-panics2
https://tinyurl.com/money-panics1
Need help…?
https://tinyurl.com/what-we-get-wrong
https://tinyurl.com/blk-wealth
https://tinyurl.com/giving-stuff1
https://tinyurl.com/PTSS-Freedman
https://tinyurl.com/here2equality
https://tinyurl.com/powernomics-1
https://tinyurl.com/direct-act
https://tinyurl.com/mutual-aid-1
https://tinyurl.com/mutualaid-spread
https://tinyurl.com/anarcho-maximism
https://tinyurl.com/class-action1
https://tinyurl.com/class-action2
https://www.actec.org/the-fight-for-justice-reparations-and-bruces-beach-PR/
https://rsgincorp.org/litigation/
https://fiscal.treasury.gov/judgment-fund/
https://thelawdictionary.org/ - 2nd edition
9th Edition definitions…
https://tinyurl.com/negro-slavery
https://tinyurl.com/black-worker
https://thelawdictionary.org/indians/
https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-communities-7-questions-about-freedmen-answered
https://tinyurl.com/american-indian-legal
https://tinyurl.com/american-indian-legal2
https://tinyurl.com/cramer-vs-usa
https://tinyurl.com/johnson-vs-m-intosh
https://tinyurl.com/marbury-vs-madison
https://tinyurl.com/sherrill-vs-oneida
https://tinyurl.com/power-of-land
https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/slavesfree/slavesfree.html
https://tinyurl.com/negro-law1
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uv3rXhRT6m0Rm4pjRsS58S_F8txjHnK-/view?usp=sharing
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker2
https://tinyurl.com/walter-plecker3
1682: Christian Parentage (Virginia Slave Act) 1682: Virginia "Act I. It is enacted that all servants [...] which shall be imported into this country...whether Negroes, Moors, mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian [...] are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes."
In addition to Virginia, several other states passed laws that reclassified Native Americans as Black. In South Carolina, the Cherokee Nation was reclassified as “Negro” in 1842. In Georgia, all Native Americans were considered “colored” in the 1870s. In Louisiana, the Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Chickamaugas were reclassified as “Negro” in 1884. In Mississippi, the Choctaws and Chickasaws were reclassified as “Negro” in 1896. In Alabama, the Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles were reclassified as “Negro” in 1901. In Texas, all Native Americans were reclassified as “Negro” in 1903.
This law code, along with other discriminatory laws, was eventually overturned in the 1920s as part of the Indian Citizenship Act
https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=ees
https://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/forbes_2-africans_and_native_americans.pdf
https://tinyurl.com/fed-rec-map
https://tinyurl.com/abo-drafting
Cramer v. United States (1923) involved would-be Indian reservations (as provided for in the aforementioned unratified treaties) that had subsequently been granted to railroads by the federal government.[65] The United States District Court for the Northern District of California canceled the railroad's land patents based upon the actual use and occupation of the Indians since 1855.[66] The Ninth Circuit agreed with the District Court, but canceled the entirety of the patents at issue.[67]
The Supreme Court considered six arguments by the railroad. First, it rejected the railroad's argument that the exceptions to the grant did not specifically mention Indians; instead, the court held that all land grants are presumed to be granted subject to aboriginal title.[68]
Next, the Court considered the Act of 1851. The Court held that it was irrelevant:
The act plainly has no application. The Indians here concerned do not belong to any of the classes described therein and their claims were in no way derived from the Spanish or Mexican governments. Moreover, it does not appear that these Indians were occupying the lands in question when the act was passed.[69]
Third, the Court rejected the argument that the federal government could not bring suit on behalf of the tribe.[70] Fourth, the Court rejected the statute limiting the time in which the government could challenge the validity of its land patents, holding that did not apply to suits on behalf of Indians.[71] Fifth, the Court rejected estoppel: "Since these Indians with the implied consent of the government had acquired such rights of occupancy as entitled them to retain possession as against the defendants, no officer or agent of the government had authority to deal with the land upon any other theory."[72] Finally, however, the Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's voiding of the entire patents, holding that only the portions possessed by the Indians should be void.[73]
The holding in Cramer lay dormant for many years. Decade later, Justice Douglas dissent to the denial of certiorari where the lower court had denied a California Indian defendant the ability to defend a criminal prosecution for illegal logging on the basis of individual aboriginal title as recognized in Cramer.[74] The Court has since elaborated on the basis for its holding in Cramer:
This holding was based upon the well-understood governmental policy of encouraging the Indian to forgo his wandering habits and adopt those of civilized life; and it was said that to hold that by so doing he acquired no possessory rights to the lands occupied, to which the government would accord protection, would be contrary to the whole spirit of the traditional American policy toward these dependent wards of the nation. The fact that such right of occupancy finds no recognition in any statute or other formal governmental action is not conclusive.[75]
United States v. Dann (1989) is the most in-depth consideration of individual aboriginal title since Cramer.[76] There, although the relevant tribal aboriginal title had been extinguished, and an ordinance prohibited entry onto the federal lands in question, the Court found that the defendants could and did establish individual aboriginal title based on their use of the lands before the ordinance.[77] The Ninth Circuit (in an appeal from Nevada, not California) held:
[An individual] establish[es] aboriginal title in much the same manner that a tribe does. An individual might be able to show that his or her lineal ancestors held and occupied, as individuals, a particular tract of land, to the exclusion of all others, from time immemorial, and that this title had never been extinguished.[78]
However, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the federal policies in place at the time of Cramer had changed and thus:
In short, an Indian cannot today gain a right of occupancy simply by occupying public land, as the Indians did in Cramer. Under current law, that occupancy could not be viewed as undertaken with the implied consent of the government, as was the occupancy in Cramer. We therefore conclude that any individual occupancy rights acquired by the Danns must have had their inception prior to November 26, 1934, the date that the lands in question were withdrawn from entry by Executive Order No. 6910.[79]
Individual aboriginal title is a fact-specific and fact-intensive defense, which is difficult to raise as a criminal affirmative defense, for which the defendant has the burden of proof.[80]
…
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aboriginal
aboriginal (adj.)
1660s, "first, earliest, existing from the beginning," especially in reference to inhabitants of lands colonized by Europeans, from aborigines (see aborigine) + -al (1). The specific Australian sense is attested from 1820. The noun meaning "an original inhabitant, an autochthon" is attested from 1760. Related: Aboriginally; aboriginality (1848); aboriginalism (1859).
aborigine (n.)
"person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times," 1858, mistaken singular of aborigines (1540s; aboriginal is considered the correct singular in English), from Latin aborigines "the first inhabitants," especially of Latium, hence "the first ancestors of the Romans;" possibly a tribal name, or from or made to conform to the Latin phrase ab origine, which means literally "from the beginning."
This is from ab "off, away from" (see ab-) + ablative of origo "a rise, commencement, beginning, source; descent, lineage, birth," from stem of oriri "arise, rise; be born, be descended, receive life" (see origin). Extended 1789 to natives of other countries which Europeans have colonized, especially "aboriginal inhabitant of Australia." Australian slang shortening Abo attested from 1922 (n.), 1906 (adj.).
-al (1)
suffix forming adjectives from nouns or other adjectives, "of, like, related to, pertaining to," Middle English -al, -el, from French or directly from Latin -alis.
https://tinyurl.com/lobbying-1
https://tinyurl.com/lobbying-2
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