The future of the internet isn't just humans clicking buttons—it's AI agents autonomously discovering services, paying for them, and coordinating with each other. Three new standards make this possible: ERC-8004 for trust, x402 for payments, and ERC-8001 for coordination. This article explains what each one does and how they work together.

1. What is ERC-8004? The Trust & Discovery Layer

2. What is x402? The Payment Layer

3. What is ERC-8001? The Coordination Layer

4. How They Work Together: A Complete Example

5. The Bigger Picture

6. Why This Matters for the Future

7. Current Status & Adoption

ERC-8004 is an Ethereum standard (proposed August 2025) that helps AI agents find and trust each other across organizations without pre-existing relationships.​

Think of it as a "business directory and credit bureau" for AI agents. It consists of three main components:

Every agent gets a unique, portable ID stored as an NFT (ERC-721). This ID links to a registration file containing:​

• The agent's name and description

• How to communicate with it (API endpoints)

• Which protocols it supports (A2A, MCP, etc.)

• Its wallet addresses

Why this matters: Just like you trust a business with a verified identity, agents need verifiable identities to interact safely.​

For high-stakes tasks, agents can request cryptographic verification of their work through:​

• Stake-secured re-execution: Validators re-run the task and stake funds on the result

• zkML proofs: Zero-knowledge machine learning proofs that work was done correctly

• TEE attestations: Trusted Execution Environment guarantees

Simple analogy: It's like having a third-party inspector verify a contractor's work before paying them.

x402 is an open payment protocol (launched May 2025 by Coinbase) that enables instant, automatic payments over the internet using the HTTP 402 status code.​

Imagine an AI agent needs weather data from an API:

Step 1: Agent requests data from weather API
Step 2: Server responds: HTTP 402 Payment Required with details:

{
  "amount": "0.01 USDC",
  "payTo": "0xABC123...",
  "network": "base"
}

Step 3: Agent's wallet automatically signs and sends 0.01 USDC
Step 4: Payment confirms in 2 seconds
Step 5: Server delivers the weather data

The entire process happens without human intervention.

ERC-8001 (proposed August 2025) enables multiple agents to agree and act together using cryptographic signatures.​

Unlike single-party intent standards (like ERC-7521), ERC-8001 handles situations where multiple parties must coordinate before taking action.​

Core concept: Group consensus through signed attestations​

Step 1: Initiator posts an AgentIntent (signed with EIP-712)

• Describes what needs to happen

• Lists all required participants

• Sets expiration time

Step 2: Each participant reviews and signs an AcceptanceAttestation

• Confirms they agree to participate

• Adds their conditions (optional)

• Signs with their private key

Step 3: When all required signatures are collected and still valid, the intent becomes executable​

Step 4: Anyone can trigger execution, and the action happens atomically (all-or-nothing)

Three AI validators must approve a transaction before it executes:

Intent: "Transfer $10,000 if all 3 validators approve"
Participants: [ValidatorA, ValidatorB, ValidatorC]
Expiry: 1 hour

ValidatorA signs ✓
ValidatorB signs ✓
ValidatorC signs ✓

→ Intent becomes READY
→ Execute transaction
→ Status: EXECUTED

Let's see how all three standards combine in a real scenario:

1. Discovery (ERC-8004)

• Your trading agent searches the Identity Registry for "data analysts"

• Finds AgentID #247 with a 95/100 reputation score based on 200 completed tasks

• Reviews validation proofs showing accurate work history

2. Payment Negotiation (x402)

• Your agent contacts the analyst's API

• Server responds: HTTP 402 Payment Required: $5 USDC for full market analysis

• Your agent automatically sends $5 USDC via signed transaction

• Payment settles in 2 seconds, data is delivered​

3. Multi-Party Validation (ERC-8001)

• High-stakes trade requires approval from 3 risk management agents

• Your agent creates an Intent: "Execute trade if RiskAgentA, RiskAgentB, RiskAgentC approve"

• Each risk agent analyzes the data and signs their acceptance

• When all 3 signatures collected, trade executes automatically​

4. Reputation Update (ERC-8004)

• After successful trade, your agent submits feedback (score: 98/100)

• Includes x402 payment proof showing $5 was actually paid

• Analyst's reputation increases, making them more discoverable

These three standards create a complete economy where AI agents can:

• Discover trusted service providers (ERC-8004)

• Pay for services instantly (x402)

• Coordinate complex multi-party actions (ERC-8001)

• Build reputation for future interactions (ERC-8004)

All of this happens autonomously, without human intervention, at the speed of code.

Traditional internet infrastructure was built for humans to consume free content or pay subscriptions. The AI agent economy needs something different:

• Micropayments: AI agents might make thousands of $0.001 API calls per day

• No accounts: Agents can't fill out signup forms or remember passwords

• Instant trust: Agents need to verify counterparties in milliseconds

• Autonomous coordination: Complex tasks require multiple agents working together

ERC-8004 + x402 + ERC-8001 provide the missing infrastructure for this new economy.​

• ERC-8004: Proposed by MetaMask, Google, Coinbase, and Ethereum Foundation in August 2025. Working demos already exist.​

• x402: Launched May 2025 by Coinbase. The x402 Foundation (formed October 2025) includes Coinbase, Cloudflare, Google, AWS, Circle, and Anthropic. Over 500,000 weekly transactions as of October 2025.​

• ERC-8001: Proposed August 2025. Still in draft stage but actively being developed alongside ERC-8004.​

The future of the internet isn't just humans clicking buttons—it's AI agents autonomously discovering services, paying for them, and coordinating with each other. Three new standards make this possible: ERC-8004 for trust, x402 for payments, and ERC-8001 for coordination. This article explains what each one does and how they work together.

1. What is ERC-8004? The Trust & Discovery Layer

2. What is x402? The Payment Layer

3. What is ERC-8001? The Coordination Layer

4. How They Work Together: A Complete Example

5. The Bigger Picture

6. Why This Matters for the Future

7. Current Status & Adoption

ERC-8004 is an Ethereum standard (proposed August 2025) that helps AI agents find and trust each other across organizations without pre-existing relationships.​

Think of it as a "business directory and credit bureau" for AI agents. It consists of three main components:

Every agent gets a unique, portable ID stored as an NFT (ERC-721). This ID links to a registration file containing:​

• The agent's name and description

• How to communicate with it (API endpoints)

• Which protocols it supports (A2A, MCP, etc.)

• Its wallet addresses

Why this matters: Just like you trust a business with a verified identity, agents need verifiable identities to interact safely.​

For high-stakes tasks, agents can request cryptographic verification of their work through:​

• Stake-secured re-execution: Validators re-run the task and stake funds on the result

• zkML proofs: Zero-knowledge machine learning proofs that work was done correctly

• TEE attestations: Trusted Execution Environment guarantees

Simple analogy: It's like having a third-party inspector verify a contractor's work before paying them.

x402 is an open payment protocol (launched May 2025 by Coinbase) that enables instant, automatic payments over the internet using the HTTP 402 status code.​

Imagine an AI agent needs weather data from an API:

Step 1: Agent requests data from weather API
Step 2: Server responds: HTTP 402 Payment Required with details:

{
  "amount": "0.01 USDC",
  "payTo": "0xABC123...",
  "network": "base"
}

Step 3: Agent's wallet automatically signs and sends 0.01 USDC
Step 4: Payment confirms in 2 seconds
Step 5: Server delivers the weather data

The entire process happens without human intervention.

ERC-8001 (proposed August 2025) enables multiple agents to agree and act together using cryptographic signatures.​

Unlike single-party intent standards (like ERC-7521), ERC-8001 handles situations where multiple parties must coordinate before taking action.​

Core concept: Group consensus through signed attestations​

Step 1: Initiator posts an AgentIntent (signed with EIP-712)

• Describes what needs to happen

• Lists all required participants

• Sets expiration time

Step 2: Each participant reviews and signs an AcceptanceAttestation

• Confirms they agree to participate

• Adds their conditions (optional)

• Signs with their private key

Step 3: When all required signatures are collected and still valid, the intent becomes executable​

Step 4: Anyone can trigger execution, and the action happens atomically (all-or-nothing)

Three AI validators must approve a transaction before it executes:

Intent: "Transfer $10,000 if all 3 validators approve"
Participants: [ValidatorA, ValidatorB, ValidatorC]
Expiry: 1 hour

ValidatorA signs ✓
ValidatorB signs ✓
ValidatorC signs ✓

→ Intent becomes READY
→ Execute transaction
→ Status: EXECUTED

Let's see how all three standards combine in a real scenario:

1. Discovery (ERC-8004)

• Your trading agent searches the Identity Registry for "data analysts"

• Finds AgentID #247 with a 95/100 reputation score based on 200 completed tasks

• Reviews validation proofs showing accurate work history

2. Payment Negotiation (x402)

• Your agent contacts the analyst's API

• Server responds: HTTP 402 Payment Required: $5 USDC for full market analysis

• Your agent automatically sends $5 USDC via signed transaction

• Payment settles in 2 seconds, data is delivered​

3. Multi-Party Validation (ERC-8001)

• High-stakes trade requires approval from 3 risk management agents

• Your agent creates an Intent: "Execute trade if RiskAgentA, RiskAgentB, RiskAgentC approve"

• Each risk agent analyzes the data and signs their acceptance

• When all 3 signatures collected, trade executes automatically​

4. Reputation Update (ERC-8004)

• After successful trade, your agent submits feedback (score: 98/100)

• Includes x402 payment proof showing $5 was actually paid

• Analyst's reputation increases, making them more discoverable

These three standards create a complete economy where AI agents can:

• Discover trusted service providers (ERC-8004)

• Pay for services instantly (x402)

• Coordinate complex multi-party actions (ERC-8001)

• Build reputation for future interactions (ERC-8004)

All of this happens autonomously, without human intervention, at the speed of code.

Traditional internet infrastructure was built for humans to consume free content or pay subscriptions. The AI agent economy needs something different:

• Micropayments: AI agents might make thousands of $0.001 API calls per day

• No accounts: Agents can't fill out signup forms or remember passwords

• Instant trust: Agents need to verify counterparties in milliseconds

• Autonomous coordination: Complex tasks require multiple agents working together

ERC-8004 + x402 + ERC-8001 provide the missing infrastructure for this new economy.​

• ERC-8004: Proposed by MetaMask, Google, Coinbase, and Ethereum Foundation in August 2025. Working demos already exist.​

• x402: Launched May 2025 by Coinbase. The x402 Foundation (formed October 2025) includes Coinbase, Cloudflare, Google, AWS, Circle, and Anthropic. Over 500,000 weekly transactions as of October 2025.​

• ERC-8001: Proposed August 2025. Still in draft stage but actively being developed alongside ERC-8004.​