IntroductionIn the pursuit of secure and decentralized scaling for Ethereum, Validity Rollups play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of transaction verification. Starknet, a Validity Rollup, stands out by utilizing the Cairo VM to optimize Validity proofs through the implementation of STARKs (Scalable, Transparent ARgument of Knowledge). This article delves into the intricacies of the components that contribute to Starknet's stellar performance – Cairo VM, CASM, Cairo Zero, Cair...