Five years after President Donald Trump signaled his support for extracting metals from the moon, his new administration is seeking to satisfy the United States’ hunger for critical minerals by encouraging mining under the polar ice caps, amid warzones, and at the bottom of the ocean.

A breakthrough by a startup backed by two of the world’s biggest mining companies points to a different path to obtaining the metals needed for manufacturing next-generation energy and defense technologies: Microbes.

Last week, the Denver-based company Endolith announced the completion of tests on whether its mix of genetically-modified microbes could extract significant amounts of copper from the type of low-grade, hard-to-process ores left over in mining waste that make up 70% of the world’s known reserves of the metal.

The results “outperformed conventional approaches to low-grade heap leaching and revealed new value in mineralized waste previously considered uneconomic to process.”

In other words, the company said it proved its “microscopic miners” are “remarkably good at extracting metals that conventional chemistry leaves behind,” Endolith CEO Liz Dennett told me, noting that her company was prepared to deploy its microbes at scale.

"We don't need to mine the moon or venture 20,000 leagues under the sea to solve our copper shortage,” she told me over email. “The microbes have been doing this work for billions of years, we're just finally paying attention.”

The U.S. federal government is just starting to pump money into researching the use of microbes for mining. The Australian mining behemoth BHP provided Endolith with funding for testing and site-matched ore samples through its in-house innovation program. The London-based metals giant Rio Tinto, meanwhile, backed the Founders Factory startup accelerator that helped Endolith get started. Still, neither company has made a formal investment into Endolith.

Here’s how Endolith’s process works: First, the company analyzes the ore and the native microbes – which include both bacteria and archaea, the tinier single-celled organisms – at each site to understand the baseline conditions. Then, using a microbial library and genomic techniques, its researchers select and adapt strains that are best suited to the specific mineralogy and conditions of the site.

Once that’s established, Endolith grows the optimized microbes in portable bioreactors, ensuring that the microbes are fresh and consistent to the location. Finally, the company adds the microbes via liquid sprinkled or dripped onto heaps of wasted dirt at the mine, and continuously monitors the activity to make real-time adjustments to maximize how much copper the microbes are recovering.

“We're creating a new industrial paradigm at the intersection of biology and mining,” said Dennett, who earned a Ph.D in geosciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and went on to work at NASA’s astrobiology program and run data architecture for Amazon Web Services before founding Endolith. “Our goal is simple: reshape supply chains for the most important technology transitions of our lifetime."

Extracting metals with microbes is nothing new. The process of using microbes to convert copper ions in liquid into metal through calcification dates back more than 2,000 years. While the actual biological function wasn’t yet understood, Han dynasty prince Liu An described using water to concentrate copper as far back as 120 BCE, a method Chinese scientists later put into practice in 1086 under the Northern Song dynasty.

It wasn’t until the mid-20th century that miners found convincing evidence showing “that microbes were active participants in leaching copper and some other metals from ores,” according to a 2003 paper from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

In recent years, scientists have ratcheted up research into different kinds of bacteria that could be used to produce rare earth metals. But there’s been little commercial activity outside laboratories.

Endolith’s test results are a “significant and potentially meaningful step forward in the field,” said Patricio Martínez Bellange, the director of biomining at Universidad Andrés Bello’s Center for Sustainable Biotechnology in Chile.

“While further validation is necessary, Endolith's reported results represent a promising advancement in unlocking significant copper resources from low-grade ores in a potentially more sustainable manner,” he told me in a LinkedIn message after reviewing the company’s announcement. “This could indeed be a meaningful milestone in the quest for a more secure and environmentally responsible supply of critical minerals.”

Still, he cautioned that different ore types, “the long-term stability of the microbial cultures under industrial conditions, and the overall economics at scale will need to be thoroughly evaluated.”

Competition with the naturally-occurring microbes at mines represents “the next challenge” to “fully scaling up this process in the field,” said Buz Barstow, an associate professor of biological engineering at Cornell University.

If Endolith’s real-time monitoring “can solve this problem,” then they will truly be onto something,” said Barstow, who reviewed the company’s announcement for this newsletter.

But one solution can beget another problem. “If they do solve this problem,” he said, “then it creates the new problem of containment of these genetically-engineered microbes.”

These are still the early days of researching biomining, Barstow said. National funding for researching metal-mining microbes has been scarce.

That was starting to turn around. In 2023, the National Science Foundation opened the door to financing research into the nascent field. Barstow said he and colleagues proposed a project called the Microbe-Mineral Atlas, consisting of 22 principal investigators at 11 universities in four countries – the U.S., Britain, Japan and Canada – that would discover new knowledge about how microbes interact with minerals and metals and how they could be engineered for biomining.

The British, Japanese and Canadian funders rejected the project as “too ambitious,” he said. But the Biden administration’s National Science Foundation “took a risk on the U.S. part of the team, and gave us a small down payment on the funding we asked for.”

Since January, Barstow said, his team has been working on sampling microbes from “geologically unusual environments, trying to figure out new genes that control mineral and metal interactions.”

But his hopes are dimming now with the Trump administration slashing all kinds of federal grants.

“With funding cuts from the government,” Barstow said, “this type of work is in danger of never getting off the ground.”

Original reporting like this doesn’t come easily. I spent hours interviewing sources, writing this newsletter and editing what you read. Please consider supporting this independent journalism by subscribing for just $5 per month: https://kaufman.substack.com/subscribe

PROGRAMING NOTES: On Tuesday, I joined Latitude Media as a contributing reporter, where I’ll be covering all kinds of energy stories but putting a particular focus on the technologies and strategies for averting blackouts and building more climate-resilient infrastructure. Send me pitches: alexander@latitudemedia.com.

It’s a part-time gig. I’ll still be writing at plenty of other places, including – of course – this newsletter. But you can expect to see a lot more of my work over at Latitude, which I have long considered one of the most solid and serious sites covering the energy transition.

I published a story there Tuesday on Blackstone’s $11.5 billion purchase of the Albuquerque-based utility TXNM, yet another big bet on the future growth of electricity demand. On Wednesday, I published a second story examining the mounting political scrutiny tech companies are facing over their data centers' thirst for natural gas.

That same morning, I had a story go up on Canary Media highlighting the startling toll coal-fired steel plants take on the air in the cities where America's last blast furnaces are located.

On Tuesday night – I guess very early Wednesday morning, to be precise – I made my first appearance on CNN International to discuss the findings of a dire new study on the threat melting polar ice poses, even if the world keeps warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit above pre-industrial averages.

I posted a few new TikToks on Alaska’s controversial hydroelectric proposal, the effects of China’s rare earths embargo, and Germany’s decision to side with France on nuclear power. If you’re on the platform, follow me there or on YouTube, where I’m reposting most of the videos.

The soundtrack to this edition is “Samba” by Impreshn, a Houston-based beatmaker who apparently shares my fondness for midcentury Brazilian sounds.

Signing off from a rainy Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, where — as I described in a post on Warpcast — tragedy struck the other night when I accidentally snapped the stem bearing my orchid’s first two new blossoms all year in a mad fury to wipe away the sticky white mites that I just saw infested the planet: A painful reminder that the world is filled with beasts and pests whose bottomless, mindless appetites devour beauty so ravenously that even gentle hands seeking to save become destroyers.

Five years after President Donald Trump signaled his support for extracting metals from the moon, his new administration is seeking to satisfy the United States’ hunger for critical minerals by encouraging mining under the polar ice caps, amid warzones, and at the bottom of the ocean.

A breakthrough by a startup backed by two of the world’s biggest mining companies points to a different path to obtaining the metals needed for manufacturing next-generation energy and defense technologies: Microbes.

Last week, the Denver-based company Endolith announced the completion of tests on whether its mix of genetically-modified microbes could extract significant amounts of copper from the type of low-grade, hard-to-process ores left over in mining waste that make up 70% of the world’s known reserves of the metal.

The results “outperformed conventional approaches to low-grade heap leaching and revealed new value in mineralized waste previously considered uneconomic to process.”

In other words, the company said it proved its “microscopic miners” are “remarkably good at extracting metals that conventional chemistry leaves behind,” Endolith CEO Liz Dennett told me, noting that her company was prepared to deploy its microbes at scale.

"We don't need to mine the moon or venture 20,000 leagues under the sea to solve our copper shortage,” she told me over email. “The microbes have been doing this work for billions of years, we're just finally paying attention.”

The U.S. federal government is just starting to pump money into researching the use of microbes for mining. The Australian mining behemoth BHP provided Endolith with funding for testing and site-matched ore samples through its in-house innovation program. The London-based metals giant Rio Tinto, meanwhile, backed the Founders Factory startup accelerator that helped Endolith get started. Still, neither company has made a formal investment into Endolith.

Here’s how Endolith’s process works: First, the company analyzes the ore and the native microbes – which include both bacteria and archaea, the tinier single-celled organisms – at each site to understand the baseline conditions. Then, using a microbial library and genomic techniques, its researchers select and adapt strains that are best suited to the specific mineralogy and conditions of the site.

Once that’s established, Endolith grows the optimized microbes in portable bioreactors, ensuring that the microbes are fresh and consistent to the location. Finally, the company adds the microbes via liquid sprinkled or dripped onto heaps of wasted dirt at the mine, and continuously monitors the activity to make real-time adjustments to maximize how much copper the microbes are recovering.

“We're creating a new industrial paradigm at the intersection of biology and mining,” said Dennett, who earned a Ph.D in geosciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and went on to work at NASA’s astrobiology program and run data architecture for Amazon Web Services before founding Endolith. “Our goal is simple: reshape supply chains for the most important technology transitions of our lifetime."

Extracting metals with microbes is nothing new. The process of using microbes to convert copper ions in liquid into metal through calcification dates back more than 2,000 years. While the actual biological function wasn’t yet understood, Han dynasty prince Liu An described using water to concentrate copper as far back as 120 BCE, a method Chinese scientists later put into practice in 1086 under the Northern Song dynasty.

It wasn’t until the mid-20th century that miners found convincing evidence showing “that microbes were active participants in leaching copper and some other metals from ores,” according to a 2003 paper from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

In recent years, scientists have ratcheted up research into different kinds of bacteria that could be used to produce rare earth metals. But there’s been little commercial activity outside laboratories.

Endolith’s test results are a “significant and potentially meaningful step forward in the field,” said Patricio Martínez Bellange, the director of biomining at Universidad Andrés Bello’s Center for Sustainable Biotechnology in Chile.

“While further validation is necessary, Endolith's reported results represent a promising advancement in unlocking significant copper resources from low-grade ores in a potentially more sustainable manner,” he told me in a LinkedIn message after reviewing the company’s announcement. “This could indeed be a meaningful milestone in the quest for a more secure and environmentally responsible supply of critical minerals.”

Still, he cautioned that different ore types, “the long-term stability of the microbial cultures under industrial conditions, and the overall economics at scale will need to be thoroughly evaluated.”

Competition with the naturally-occurring microbes at mines represents “the next challenge” to “fully scaling up this process in the field,” said Buz Barstow, an associate professor of biological engineering at Cornell University.

If Endolith’s real-time monitoring “can solve this problem,” then they will truly be onto something,” said Barstow, who reviewed the company’s announcement for this newsletter.

But one solution can beget another problem. “If they do solve this problem,” he said, “then it creates the new problem of containment of these genetically-engineered microbes.”

These are still the early days of researching biomining, Barstow said. National funding for researching metal-mining microbes has been scarce.

That was starting to turn around. In 2023, the National Science Foundation opened the door to financing research into the nascent field. Barstow said he and colleagues proposed a project called the Microbe-Mineral Atlas, consisting of 22 principal investigators at 11 universities in four countries – the U.S., Britain, Japan and Canada – that would discover new knowledge about how microbes interact with minerals and metals and how they could be engineered for biomining.

The British, Japanese and Canadian funders rejected the project as “too ambitious,” he said. But the Biden administration’s National Science Foundation “took a risk on the U.S. part of the team, and gave us a small down payment on the funding we asked for.”

Since January, Barstow said, his team has been working on sampling microbes from “geologically unusual environments, trying to figure out new genes that control mineral and metal interactions.”

But his hopes are dimming now with the Trump administration slashing all kinds of federal grants.

“With funding cuts from the government,” Barstow said, “this type of work is in danger of never getting off the ground.”

Original reporting like this doesn’t come easily. I spent hours interviewing sources, writing this newsletter and editing what you read. Please consider supporting this independent journalism by subscribing for just $5 per month: https://kaufman.substack.com/subscribe

PROGRAMING NOTES: On Tuesday, I joined Latitude Media as a contributing reporter, where I’ll be covering all kinds of energy stories but putting a particular focus on the technologies and strategies for averting blackouts and building more climate-resilient infrastructure. Send me pitches: alexander@latitudemedia.com.

It’s a part-time gig. I’ll still be writing at plenty of other places, including – of course – this newsletter. But you can expect to see a lot more of my work over at Latitude, which I have long considered one of the most solid and serious sites covering the energy transition.

I published a story there Tuesday on Blackstone’s $11.5 billion purchase of the Albuquerque-based utility TXNM, yet another big bet on the future growth of electricity demand. On Wednesday, I published a second story examining the mounting political scrutiny tech companies are facing over their data centers' thirst for natural gas.

That same morning, I had a story go up on Canary Media highlighting the startling toll coal-fired steel plants take on the air in the cities where America's last blast furnaces are located.

On Tuesday night – I guess very early Wednesday morning, to be precise – I made my first appearance on CNN International to discuss the findings of a dire new study on the threat melting polar ice poses, even if the world keeps warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit above pre-industrial averages.

I posted a few new TikToks on Alaska’s controversial hydroelectric proposal, the effects of China’s rare earths embargo, and Germany’s decision to side with France on nuclear power. If you’re on the platform, follow me there or on YouTube, where I’m reposting most of the videos.

The soundtrack to this edition is “Samba” by Impreshn, a Houston-based beatmaker who apparently shares my fondness for midcentury Brazilian sounds.

Signing off from a rainy Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, where — as I described in a post on Warpcast — tragedy struck the other night when I accidentally snapped the stem bearing my orchid’s first two new blossoms all year in a mad fury to wipe away the sticky white mites that I just saw infested the planet: A painful reminder that the world is filled with beasts and pests whose bottomless, mindless appetites devour beauty so ravenously that even gentle hands seeking to save become destroyers.