中国律师，专注于区块链,虚拟货币领域（Chinese lawyer, focusing on blockchain and virtual currency） 微信号：lawyer0592
中国律师，专注于区块链,虚拟货币领域（Chinese lawyer, focusing on blockchain and virtual currency） 微信号：lawyer0592
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2021年9月24日，人民银行等十个部委发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》，打击虚拟货币交易和炒作。同日，国家发改委等十一个部委发布《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》，全面整治并取缔虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知（简称924通知）明确将虚拟货币相关活动定义为非法金融活动，并取缔了虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知的发布和实施有力打击了涉虚拟货币的相关犯罪活动，起到了较好的效果。然而，由于上述规定较为原则，且涉虚拟货币犯罪具有隐蔽性、高科技性、高智能性等特点，需要两高尽快制订司法解释对定罪量刑予以细化。
一、开设和经营虚拟货币交易所是否涉嫌非法经营罪需要司法解释予以明确。
924通知关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知规定，“虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。”还同时进一步规定：境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动。对于相关境外虚拟货币交易所的境内工作人员，以及明知或应知其从事虚拟货币相关业务，仍为其提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务的法人、非法人组织和自然人，依法追究有关责任。
由于“虚拟货币交易所”提供的虚拟货币交易，部分交易所还提供合约交易，杠杠交易等产品，上述产品是否属于“金融产品”目前没有相关规定，需要司法解释予以明确。特别需要明确924通知中认定的“虚拟货币交易所”是否是《国务院办公厅关于清理整顿各类交易场所的实施意见》所规定的“金融产品交易”机构。
二、对于从事虚拟货币与人民币兑换结算业务的“OTC”商家是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。
OTC商家是指在代币交易平台中或者交易场所外直接从事人民币法定货币与 “虚拟货币”之间兑换业务的商家（一般为自然人主体）。由于OTC商家作为虚拟货币变现的主要渠道，极易成为“涉黑”“涉恐”“赌博”等非法资金洗钱变现的通道，，因此一直处于刑事打击的最前端。OTC商家有可能涉嫌“洗钱罪”、“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪”、“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”，也有可能涉嫌“非法经营罪”。目前大部分“OTC”商家以“帮助信息网络活动罪”予以定罪量刑，但是否涉嫌其他罪名，什么情况下涉嫌其他罪名，具体的量刑标准，也需要司法解释予以明确。
三、销售虚拟货币矿机以及虚拟货币算力是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。
924通知已明确取缔虚拟货币挖矿，并于10月将比特币矿机已被列为国家明令禁止淘汰项目。上述通知发布后，由于虚拟货币矿机挖矿有利可图，仍然有部分企业或者个人通过销售矿机、托管矿机、销售“算力”、租赁算力等经营活动，甚至提供贷款买币质押等金融衍生产品。而上述行为是否涉嫌非法经营罪或者其他非法集资类犯罪，需要相关司法解释予以明确。同时，由于部分企业和个人存在超卖矿机或者算力的情况，是否构成集资诈骗罪或非法吸收公众存款罪，也需要司法解释予以明确。
四、很多以“元宇宙”“数字藏品NFT”名义进行的活动可能涉嫌犯罪，需要相关司法解释尽快予以明确。
2021年年底，元宇宙成了市场上的热点，市面上出现了很多打着元宇宙旗号的的区块链游戏，号称“躺赚”，年收益率100%等等，同时，有大量机构竞相发布各种形式的数字藏品（“NFT”），上述活动和行为暗藏传销，也有可能已经涉嫌非法集资类犯罪，普通人对于“元宇宙”的概念，仍处于一知半解的懵懂阶段，需要司法解释对此类假“元宇宙”，真犯罪的行为予以明确，并予以打击。
微信号：lawyer0592
On September 24, 2021, the people's Bank of China and other ten ministries and commissions issued the notice on further preventing and handling the risk of speculation in virtual currency transactions to crack down on virtual currency transactions and speculation. On the same day, 11 ministries and commissions including the national development and Reform Commission issued the notice on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency to comprehensively rectify and ban the mining activities of virtual currency. The above notice (hereinafter referred to as the 924 notice) clearly defined the activities related to virtual currency as illegal financial activities and banned the mining activities of virtual currency. The issuance and implementation of the above notice has effectively cracked down on the criminal activities related to virtual currency and achieved good results. However, because the above provisions are more principled, and the crimes involving virtual currency have the characteristics of concealment, high technology and high intelligence, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's court need to formulate a judicial interpretation as soon as possible to refine the conviction and sentencing.
1、 Whether the establishment and operation of virtual currency exchange is suspected of the crime of illegal operation needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
924 Circular on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency stipulates that "business activities related to virtual currency belong to illegal financial activities." It also further stipulates that the provision of services by overseas virtual currency exchanges to domestic residents through the Internet also belongs to illegal financial activities. Domestic staff of relevant overseas virtual currency exchanges, as well as legal persons, unincorporated organizations and natural persons who know or should know that they are engaged in virtual currency related business and still provide them with marketing publicity, payment and settlement, technical support and other services, shall be investigated for relevant responsibilities according to law.
Due to the virtual currency trading provided by the "virtual currency exchange", some exchanges also provide contract trading, lever trading and other products. At present, there are no relevant provisions on whether the above products belong to "financial products", which needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation. In particular, it is necessary to clarify whether the "virtual currency exchange" identified in the 924 notice is the "financial product trading" institution specified in the "implementation opinions of the general office of the State Council on cleaning up and rectifying various trading places".
2、 Whether "OTC" businesses engaged in virtual currency and RMB exchange and settlement business constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
OTC businesses refer to businesses (generally natural persons) that directly engage in the exchange business between RMB legal currency and "virtual currency" in the token trading platform or outside the trading place. As the main channel for the realization of virtual currency, OTC merchants are easy to become the channel for the laundering and Realization of illegal funds such as "Mafia related", "terrorism related" and "gambling", so they have always been at the forefront of criminal crackdown. OTC businesses may be suspected of "money laundering crime", "crime of concealing the proceeds of crime", "crime of helping information network criminal activities", or "crime of illegal operation". At present, most "OTC" businesses are convicted and sentenced for the crime of "helping information network activities", but whether they are suspected of other crimes, under what circumstances they are suspected of other crimes, and the specific sentencing standards also need to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
3、 Whether the sale of virtual currency mining machines and the computing power of virtual currency constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
The 924 notice has clearly banned the mining of virtual currency, and listed the bitcoin mining machine as a project banned by the state in October. After the issuance of the above notice, due to the profitable mining of virtual currency mining machines, some enterprises or individuals still sell mining machines, trust mining machines, sell "computing power", lease computing power and other business activities, and even provide financial derivatives such as loan purchase pledge. Whether the above-mentioned acts are suspected of the crime of illegal business operation or other crimes of illegal fund-raising needs to be clarified by relevant judicial interpretations. At the same time, because some enterprises and individuals have oversold mining machines or computing power, whether they constitute the crime of fund-raising fraud or the crime of illegally absorbing public deposits also needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
4、 Many activities carried out in the name of "meta universe" and "digital collection NFT" may be suspected of crimes, which need to be clarified as soon as possible in the relevant judicial interpretation.
At the end of 2021, yuancosmos became a hot spot in the market. There were many blockchain games under the banner of yuancosmos, known as "lying earn", with an annual yield of 100%, etc. at the same time, a large number of institutions competed to release various forms of digital collections ("NFT"). The above activities and behaviors hidden pyramid schemes, and may have been suspected of illegal fund-raising crimes, Ordinary people are still ignorant of the concept of "meta universe" and need judicial interpretation to clarify and crack down on such fake "meta universe" and real crimes.
2021年9月24日，人民银行等十个部委发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》，打击虚拟货币交易和炒作。同日，国家发改委等十一个部委发布《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》，全面整治并取缔虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知（简称924通知）明确将虚拟货币相关活动定义为非法金融活动，并取缔了虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知的发布和实施有力打击了涉虚拟货币的相关犯罪活动，起到了较好的效果。然而，由于上述规定较为原则，且涉虚拟货币犯罪具有隐蔽性、高科技性、高智能性等特点，需要两高尽快制订司法解释对定罪量刑予以细化。
一、开设和经营虚拟货币交易所是否涉嫌非法经营罪需要司法解释予以明确。
924通知关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知规定，“虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。”还同时进一步规定：境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动。对于相关境外虚拟货币交易所的境内工作人员，以及明知或应知其从事虚拟货币相关业务，仍为其提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务的法人、非法人组织和自然人，依法追究有关责任。
由于“虚拟货币交易所”提供的虚拟货币交易，部分交易所还提供合约交易，杠杠交易等产品，上述产品是否属于“金融产品”目前没有相关规定，需要司法解释予以明确。特别需要明确924通知中认定的“虚拟货币交易所”是否是《国务院办公厅关于清理整顿各类交易场所的实施意见》所规定的“金融产品交易”机构。
二、对于从事虚拟货币与人民币兑换结算业务的“OTC”商家是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。
OTC商家是指在代币交易平台中或者交易场所外直接从事人民币法定货币与 “虚拟货币”之间兑换业务的商家（一般为自然人主体）。由于OTC商家作为虚拟货币变现的主要渠道，极易成为“涉黑”“涉恐”“赌博”等非法资金洗钱变现的通道，，因此一直处于刑事打击的最前端。OTC商家有可能涉嫌“洗钱罪”、“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪”、“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”，也有可能涉嫌“非法经营罪”。目前大部分“OTC”商家以“帮助信息网络活动罪”予以定罪量刑，但是否涉嫌其他罪名，什么情况下涉嫌其他罪名，具体的量刑标准，也需要司法解释予以明确。
三、销售虚拟货币矿机以及虚拟货币算力是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。
924通知已明确取缔虚拟货币挖矿，并于10月将比特币矿机已被列为国家明令禁止淘汰项目。上述通知发布后，由于虚拟货币矿机挖矿有利可图，仍然有部分企业或者个人通过销售矿机、托管矿机、销售“算力”、租赁算力等经营活动，甚至提供贷款买币质押等金融衍生产品。而上述行为是否涉嫌非法经营罪或者其他非法集资类犯罪，需要相关司法解释予以明确。同时，由于部分企业和个人存在超卖矿机或者算力的情况，是否构成集资诈骗罪或非法吸收公众存款罪，也需要司法解释予以明确。
四、很多以“元宇宙”“数字藏品NFT”名义进行的活动可能涉嫌犯罪，需要相关司法解释尽快予以明确。
2021年年底，元宇宙成了市场上的热点，市面上出现了很多打着元宇宙旗号的的区块链游戏，号称“躺赚”，年收益率100%等等，同时，有大量机构竞相发布各种形式的数字藏品（“NFT”），上述活动和行为暗藏传销，也有可能已经涉嫌非法集资类犯罪，普通人对于“元宇宙”的概念，仍处于一知半解的懵懂阶段，需要司法解释对此类假“元宇宙”，真犯罪的行为予以明确，并予以打击。
微信号：lawyer0592
On September 24, 2021, the people's Bank of China and other ten ministries and commissions issued the notice on further preventing and handling the risk of speculation in virtual currency transactions to crack down on virtual currency transactions and speculation. On the same day, 11 ministries and commissions including the national development and Reform Commission issued the notice on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency to comprehensively rectify and ban the mining activities of virtual currency. The above notice (hereinafter referred to as the 924 notice) clearly defined the activities related to virtual currency as illegal financial activities and banned the mining activities of virtual currency. The issuance and implementation of the above notice has effectively cracked down on the criminal activities related to virtual currency and achieved good results. However, because the above provisions are more principled, and the crimes involving virtual currency have the characteristics of concealment, high technology and high intelligence, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's court need to formulate a judicial interpretation as soon as possible to refine the conviction and sentencing.
1、 Whether the establishment and operation of virtual currency exchange is suspected of the crime of illegal operation needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
924 Circular on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency stipulates that "business activities related to virtual currency belong to illegal financial activities." It also further stipulates that the provision of services by overseas virtual currency exchanges to domestic residents through the Internet also belongs to illegal financial activities. Domestic staff of relevant overseas virtual currency exchanges, as well as legal persons, unincorporated organizations and natural persons who know or should know that they are engaged in virtual currency related business and still provide them with marketing publicity, payment and settlement, technical support and other services, shall be investigated for relevant responsibilities according to law.
Due to the virtual currency trading provided by the "virtual currency exchange", some exchanges also provide contract trading, lever trading and other products. At present, there are no relevant provisions on whether the above products belong to "financial products", which needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation. In particular, it is necessary to clarify whether the "virtual currency exchange" identified in the 924 notice is the "financial product trading" institution specified in the "implementation opinions of the general office of the State Council on cleaning up and rectifying various trading places".
2、 Whether "OTC" businesses engaged in virtual currency and RMB exchange and settlement business constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
OTC businesses refer to businesses (generally natural persons) that directly engage in the exchange business between RMB legal currency and "virtual currency" in the token trading platform or outside the trading place. As the main channel for the realization of virtual currency, OTC merchants are easy to become the channel for the laundering and Realization of illegal funds such as "Mafia related", "terrorism related" and "gambling", so they have always been at the forefront of criminal crackdown. OTC businesses may be suspected of "money laundering crime", "crime of concealing the proceeds of crime", "crime of helping information network criminal activities", or "crime of illegal operation". At present, most "OTC" businesses are convicted and sentenced for the crime of "helping information network activities", but whether they are suspected of other crimes, under what circumstances they are suspected of other crimes, and the specific sentencing standards also need to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
3、 Whether the sale of virtual currency mining machines and the computing power of virtual currency constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
The 924 notice has clearly banned the mining of virtual currency, and listed the bitcoin mining machine as a project banned by the state in October. After the issuance of the above notice, due to the profitable mining of virtual currency mining machines, some enterprises or individuals still sell mining machines, trust mining machines, sell "computing power", lease computing power and other business activities, and even provide financial derivatives such as loan purchase pledge. Whether the above-mentioned acts are suspected of the crime of illegal business operation or other crimes of illegal fund-raising needs to be clarified by relevant judicial interpretations. At the same time, because some enterprises and individuals have oversold mining machines or computing power, whether they constitute the crime of fund-raising fraud or the crime of illegally absorbing public deposits also needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.
4、 Many activities carried out in the name of "meta universe" and "digital collection NFT" may be suspected of crimes, which need to be clarified as soon as possible in the relevant judicial interpretation.
At the end of 2021, yuancosmos became a hot spot in the market. There were many blockchain games under the banner of yuancosmos, known as "lying earn", with an annual yield of 100%, etc. at the same time, a large number of institutions competed to release various forms of digital collections ("NFT"). The above activities and behaviors hidden pyramid schemes, and may have been suspected of illegal fund-raising crimes, Ordinary people are still ignorant of the concept of "meta universe" and need judicial interpretation to clarify and crack down on such fake "meta universe" and real crimes.
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