The ideas in this article are largely drawn from the work of others, including @0xsmac, @sytaylor, @fintechjunkie, and many more. Many thanks to these thinkers for the work they’ve shared. This piece is simply an attempt to build on it.

The difference between an ordinary company and a great one lies not merely in execution or outcomes, but in how precisely it captures the problems of its era and, more importantly, whether it can redefine those problems into a new Zeitgeist that pulls society forward.

From that perspective, one of the clearest Zeitgeists today is financial nihilism among younger generations, accompanied by a growing dependence on dopamine-driven financial behavior. This essay synthesizes prior research and observation to examine the structural origins of this phenomenon, the behavioral patterns it produces, and the directions next-generation fintech must explore to meaningfully address it.

The Collapse of Housing Affordability

The first structural driver of financial nihilism is the collapse of housing affordability. This dynamic is empirically demonstrated in a paper authored by Korean researchers.

The core logic is simple.

1. As housing prices rise while incomes stagnate, young adults give up on homeownership.

2. The belief that “I will never be able to buy a home” then spills over into consumption, labor, and investment behavior.

Several findings from the paper are particularly revealing.

• Under identical asset conditions, renters exhibit significantly higher participation rates in crypto and speculative assets than homeowners.

• Renters are roughly twice as likely as homeowners to agree that “always doing one’s best at work is not important.”

• For median-income renters, rising home prices create the perception that conventional saving and investing can no longer lead to housing market entry, increasing participation in high-risk, one-shot payoff investments.

The Breakdown of Trust in Time

The second driver is the collapse of trust in time itself. This phenomenon is sharply articulated in @0xsmac’s essay. 'The children yearn for the fiat mines'.

The mechanism unfolds as follows.

1. Younger generations no longer perceive waiting and compounding as rewards, but as losses.

2. Long-term planning is not delayed but structurally abandoned.

Several data points highlighted in the essay stand out.

• In surveys measuring belief in personal effort as a path to life improvement, affirmative responses exceeded 70 percent in the early 2000s, but declined steadily to roughly 25 percent by 2025.

• U.S. wealth distribution data shows that while generational wealth shares were relatively balanced in the 1990s, wealth among those under 40 has since stagnated, while older cohorts experienced explosive growth. Wealth is now driven less by production and more by possession. Time, once an ally through compounding, has become an enemy.

An Addiction-Friendly Environment

While not a primary cause, younger generations are also disproportionately exposed to addiction-friendly environments.

Neuroscience research([1], [2]) examining the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor availability and economic decision-making provides important context.

D2 receptors function as a dopamine brake, suppressing excessive reward-seeking and incorporating loss signals into decisions. Lower D2 availability, often associated with sustained exposure to high-frequency rewards, correlates with the following traits.

• Persistence in risky positions even when losses are explicit.

• Reinforced optimism bias, such as the belief that “this time will be different.”

• Strategy rigidity, where new information fails to update behavior.

These forces converge into a single observable outcome: Dopamine Finance. This manifests most clearly in consumption and investment.

Leveraged Consumption

The clearest example of leveraged consumption is Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL). Over the past few years, BNPL has transitioned from a trend into a habit.

• According to the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 53.6 million Americans used BNPL in 2023, with an average of 6.3 transactions per user and annual spend of $848. The CFPB explicitly notes that BNPL has become structurally embedded in recurring consumption.

• Multiple reports show Gen Z BNPL adoption at roughly 55–60 percent with 2024 holiday-season usage surpassing credit cards.

• The Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets found that two-thirds of BNPL users under 25 used multiple providers in the same month, and one in six experienced overdrafts lasting more than 90 days annually.

• Affirm’s investor materials show that Affirm Card GMV grew over 100 percent year-over-year, signaling BNPL’s evolution into a general-purpose payment rail.

Alongside BNPL, probability-based consumption has emerged. Services like @coverd convert fixed spending into probabilistic reward structures, effectively gamifying consumption.

Leveraged Investment

On the investment side, younger generations increasingly gravitate toward non-traditional, high-volatility assets.

• AXSN Research reports that Hyperliquid generated $1.2 billion in net profit in 2024, surpassing Nasdaq, with a workforce roughly 1/832 the size.

• Robinhood’s Q2 2025 transaction-based revenue totaled $535 million, with options accounting for 49.2 percent, crypto 29.7 percent, and equities 12.2 percent. Most options volume consisted of 0DTE contracts.

• Coinbase’s State of Crypto Q4 2025 shows that 73 percent of Gen Z believe traditional systems make wealth-building difficult, with higher trading frequency and higher return expectations.

If these trends persist, a large share of this generation will reach retirement without adequate preparation, imposing significant social costs. At its core, the problem is simple: young people have opted out of the game itself.

@sytaylor outlines following possible solution paths in his remakrable article, Financial nihilism has a cure.

The first category focuses on helping young people survive within the existing game.

• Graduate mortgages that price risk based on degree, institution, and employment outcomes.

• Outcome-based tuition models that adjust repayment based on post-graduation income.

• Portable 401(k)s that attach retirement accounts to individuals rather than employers.

The second category lowers essential costs structurally by expanding supply and redesigning that expansion as an investable opportunity.

• Retail endowments that grant access to infrastructure, real estate, power grids, and data centers.

• Education equity swaps that fund capacity expansion in essential professions in exchange for future income participation.

Finally, it may be necessary to accept that Dopamine Finance trend itself cannot be eliminated.

A Trojan horse strategy may be the only viable approach: attract users through speculation, then quietly convert engagement into long-term financial stability through embedded nudges. If a product markets itself as a moral correction to financial nihilism, it may never be adopted. Usage must come first.

What makes financial nihilism unsettling is its rationality. In a world where housing is unattainable, time cannot be trusted, and waiting feels punitive, gravitating toward high-frequency, high-stimulus finance is not irrational. It is logical. The tragedy is that while this path offers short-term excitement, it almost inevitably converges on long-term financial ruin.

Fintech aimed at younger generations is abundant. What is scarce are financial structures that credibly signal that effort and time still matter. Without that signal, no amount of UX innovation will address the problem at its root.

The ideas in this article are largely drawn from the work of others, including @0xsmac, @sytaylor, @fintechjunkie, and many more. Many thanks to these thinkers for the work they’ve shared. This piece is simply an attempt to build on it.

The difference between an ordinary company and a great one lies not merely in execution or outcomes, but in how precisely it captures the problems of its era and, more importantly, whether it can redefine those problems into a new Zeitgeist that pulls society forward.

From that perspective, one of the clearest Zeitgeists today is financial nihilism among younger generations, accompanied by a growing dependence on dopamine-driven financial behavior. This essay synthesizes prior research and observation to examine the structural origins of this phenomenon, the behavioral patterns it produces, and the directions next-generation fintech must explore to meaningfully address it.

The Collapse of Housing Affordability

The first structural driver of financial nihilism is the collapse of housing affordability. This dynamic is empirically demonstrated in a paper authored by Korean researchers.

The core logic is simple.

1. As housing prices rise while incomes stagnate, young adults give up on homeownership.

2. The belief that “I will never be able to buy a home” then spills over into consumption, labor, and investment behavior.

Several findings from the paper are particularly revealing.

• Under identical asset conditions, renters exhibit significantly higher participation rates in crypto and speculative assets than homeowners.

• Renters are roughly twice as likely as homeowners to agree that “always doing one’s best at work is not important.”

• For median-income renters, rising home prices create the perception that conventional saving and investing can no longer lead to housing market entry, increasing participation in high-risk, one-shot payoff investments.

The Breakdown of Trust in Time

The second driver is the collapse of trust in time itself. This phenomenon is sharply articulated in @0xsmac’s essay. 'The children yearn for the fiat mines'.

The mechanism unfolds as follows.

1. Younger generations no longer perceive waiting and compounding as rewards, but as losses.

2. Long-term planning is not delayed but structurally abandoned.

Several data points highlighted in the essay stand out.

• In surveys measuring belief in personal effort as a path to life improvement, affirmative responses exceeded 70 percent in the early 2000s, but declined steadily to roughly 25 percent by 2025.

• U.S. wealth distribution data shows that while generational wealth shares were relatively balanced in the 1990s, wealth among those under 40 has since stagnated, while older cohorts experienced explosive growth. Wealth is now driven less by production and more by possession. Time, once an ally through compounding, has become an enemy.

An Addiction-Friendly Environment

While not a primary cause, younger generations are also disproportionately exposed to addiction-friendly environments.

Neuroscience research([1], [2]) examining the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor availability and economic decision-making provides important context.

D2 receptors function as a dopamine brake, suppressing excessive reward-seeking and incorporating loss signals into decisions. Lower D2 availability, often associated with sustained exposure to high-frequency rewards, correlates with the following traits.

• Persistence in risky positions even when losses are explicit.

• Reinforced optimism bias, such as the belief that “this time will be different.”

• Strategy rigidity, where new information fails to update behavior.

These forces converge into a single observable outcome: Dopamine Finance. This manifests most clearly in consumption and investment.

Leveraged Consumption

The clearest example of leveraged consumption is Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL). Over the past few years, BNPL has transitioned from a trend into a habit.

• According to the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 53.6 million Americans used BNPL in 2023, with an average of 6.3 transactions per user and annual spend of $848. The CFPB explicitly notes that BNPL has become structurally embedded in recurring consumption.

• Multiple reports show Gen Z BNPL adoption at roughly 55–60 percent with 2024 holiday-season usage surpassing credit cards.

• The Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets found that two-thirds of BNPL users under 25 used multiple providers in the same month, and one in six experienced overdrafts lasting more than 90 days annually.

• Affirm’s investor materials show that Affirm Card GMV grew over 100 percent year-over-year, signaling BNPL’s evolution into a general-purpose payment rail.

Alongside BNPL, probability-based consumption has emerged. Services like @coverd convert fixed spending into probabilistic reward structures, effectively gamifying consumption.

Leveraged Investment

On the investment side, younger generations increasingly gravitate toward non-traditional, high-volatility assets.

• AXSN Research reports that Hyperliquid generated $1.2 billion in net profit in 2024, surpassing Nasdaq, with a workforce roughly 1/832 the size.

• Robinhood’s Q2 2025 transaction-based revenue totaled $535 million, with options accounting for 49.2 percent, crypto 29.7 percent, and equities 12.2 percent. Most options volume consisted of 0DTE contracts.

• Coinbase’s State of Crypto Q4 2025 shows that 73 percent of Gen Z believe traditional systems make wealth-building difficult, with higher trading frequency and higher return expectations.

If these trends persist, a large share of this generation will reach retirement without adequate preparation, imposing significant social costs. At its core, the problem is simple: young people have opted out of the game itself.

@sytaylor outlines following possible solution paths in his remakrable article, Financial nihilism has a cure.

The first category focuses on helping young people survive within the existing game.

• Graduate mortgages that price risk based on degree, institution, and employment outcomes.

• Outcome-based tuition models that adjust repayment based on post-graduation income.

• Portable 401(k)s that attach retirement accounts to individuals rather than employers.

The second category lowers essential costs structurally by expanding supply and redesigning that expansion as an investable opportunity.

• Retail endowments that grant access to infrastructure, real estate, power grids, and data centers.

• Education equity swaps that fund capacity expansion in essential professions in exchange for future income participation.

Finally, it may be necessary to accept that Dopamine Finance trend itself cannot be eliminated.

A Trojan horse strategy may be the only viable approach: attract users through speculation, then quietly convert engagement into long-term financial stability through embedded nudges. If a product markets itself as a moral correction to financial nihilism, it may never be adopted. Usage must come first.

What makes financial nihilism unsettling is its rationality. In a world where housing is unattainable, time cannot be trusted, and waiting feels punitive, gravitating toward high-frequency, high-stimulus finance is not irrational. It is logical. The tragedy is that while this path offers short-term excitement, it almost inevitably converges on long-term financial ruin.

Fintech aimed at younger generations is abundant. What is scarce are financial structures that credibly signal that effort and time still matter. Without that signal, no amount of UX innovation will address the problem at its root.