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https://ethresear.ch/t/towards-world-supercomputer/15487/20. Collective Definition of L2After years of research and development, L2 Rollup has emerged as the most widely adopted scaling solution for enhancing the performance of Ethereum's world computer. As an additional layer built on top of Ethereum, L2 Rollup offers significant benefits and has been embraced by the community.L2 (Secured/Smart Contract) Rollup can be explained in various ways:From the perspective of Validating Bridge: ...

First of all, this is a sketch written in one hour. At this point it's just to gather information quickly, so there may be very many potential errors and incomplete information.The main criticisms against ZK would include two, one being the long proof time, (hence the various benchmarks, various new ZK protocols, and various hardware optimizations), and one being that system and application security still needs to be tested.0. Proof Generation PerformanceZero-knowledge proof is a very po...

AI Rollup, replacing fault/validity proof with AI oracle proofFirst of all, this is just a wild idea. Please don't really use it or consider using it in practice except hackathon. Proof in Rollup For proving that "Rollup's program" is executing correctly, we need to provide some commitments. These commitments can be Fault Proof and Validity Proof in Optimistic and ZK Rollup.https://ethresear.chFirst of all, this is just a wild idea. Please don't really use it or consider using ...

It's been ten days since the Hyper Oracle whitepaper was released, and this article will explain and add to some of the content of the Hyper Oracle whitepaper. The original content was taken from my twitter.Naming of I/O OracleThe I/O Oracle data flow is actually Output Oracle, then Input Oracle. It is not called O/I, because O/I is less common than I/O. Also, there is no real combination of Input Oracle and then Output Oracle. It's more like two separate Oracles.ZK and Receipt exam...

Written on the train from Venice to Rome, 2023.01.12.0. "Performance"The real "finality" of the two is different, similarly to the "real performance". (Of course the definition of finality is also a matter of opinion, a matter of wisdom....)OP systems (mostly) have a (human-adjustable) challenge period of about 7 days (aka. delay?) . This is like the long delay in Nakamoto consensus (which actually has no finality).ZK system is fully confirmed once the proof is generated and verified. Also, w...

0. Middleware Security IssuesExisting Indexing protocols and Keeper networks are not completely trustless, but trusted, or seemingly trustless. Developers and users need to trust that these products are not evil in a “Trust, Not Verify” way. They are last generation infrastructures, and there may not have been a good solution at the time, so Fisherman mechanisms or DAO governance (Social Consensus…) were used to ensure trustworthy data and secure operation of the protocol. At the moment, the ...

0. Why Still Pay Attention to Optimistic Rollup?a) OP or ZK?Although Vitalik has identified zkEVM Rollup as the future for several years, and various zkEVMs (Scroll, zkSync, Hermez, Consensys) have sprung up, Optimistic Rollup is still the dominant stack in the Rollup ecosystem, with 80% of the Layer2 market share and half of the top 10 Layer2 solutions.Will the existence of zkEVM Rollup as the ultimate scaling solution make Optimistic Rollup completely obsolete?Optimistic Rollup and zkEVM Ro...

0. More Rollups. More Blockchains.As the Rollup narrative is gaining attention and the industry as a whole is demanding better performance, more sovereignty, and easier deployment from App-chains. StarkEx’s App-rollup service, Celestia’s reusable Layer1 security layer, and other high-performance DA solutions have become the mainstream choices in building App-chains.In the past, App-chain = App as an L1: Before, an application had to make a chain entirely by itself, which cost a lot in develop...

0. Oracle IntroductionBlockchains have two sources of data: on-chain data (e.g. the amount of ETH held by an address), and off-chain data (e.g. the current price of ETH on the exchange). To get the latter, the oracle needs to tell this data to the smart contract.Why does the Internet also need to have “offline” data, but doesn’t have the oracle problem? Because data on the blockchain needs to be secured, so the data uploaded to the oracle needs to be trusted, whereas data on the Internet (Web...

The future path of Ethereum is tailored to Rollup, and the most promising solution is zk Rollup, which uses zero-knowledge proof technology. The common perception is that zk Rollup requires several years of development before it can really get into the production, due to the huge development difficulty of building zkEVM. In order for developers to seamlessly port and deploy EVM smart contracts to zk Rollup, development teams need to build and optimize the performance of EVM-compatible zkEVM. ...

0. Web2 App ArchitectureWhen we develop a modern consumer facing application, whether it is a Web App or a Mobile App or a Desktop App, the basic architecture can be summarized by the following three ends:From left to right are:Front End: Also known as the client. The front end of the application is the page that the user sees in the browser, or the app that is used on the mobile device. The front end controls the view and data presentation.Back End: Also known as the server side. The back en...

0. MEV?Maximal extractable value (MEV) refers to the maximum value that can be extracted from block production in excess of the standard block reward and gas fees by including, excluding, and changing the order of transactions in a block.a) MEV, Always HereThe ordering of transactions in an Ethereum block is not bound by definite rules from the beginning, but can be freely modified according to miners’ preferences. Three examples are provided in the source code of the Geth client:First: Sorti...