A Primer on the x402 Protocolx402 is an open-source, internet-native payment standard that brings the long-unused HTTP 402 “Payment Required” code back to life. The original 1997 specification never gained traction because the web lacked a global, programmable way to move money. x402 closes that gap by wiring crypto payments directly into HTTP requests. At its core, the protocol allows servers to request, validate, and settle on-chain transactions, typically in stablecoins like USDC in real t...

A Primer on the x402 Protocolx402 is an open-source, internet-native payment standard that brings the long-unused HTTP 402 “Payment Required” code back to life. The original 1997 specification never gained traction because the web lacked a global, programmable way to move money. x402 closes that gap by wiring crypto payments directly into HTTP requests. At its core, the protocol allows servers to request, validate, and settle on-chain transactions, typically in stablecoins like USDC in real t...

The Bitcoin ecosystem has continued to capture attention due to significant developments, including the SEC's approval of 11 spot Bitcoin ETFs, the rise of NFT ordinals, and the introduction of BRC-20 smart contracts on the Bitcoin network. As a Data Analyst and Crypto Enthusiast, I've delved into Dune Analytics, querying the Bitcoin database to track essential onchain trends that can guide our investment decisions. In this first part of my Bitcoin data analysis, I'll present k...

The Bitcoin ecosystem has continued to capture attention due to significant developments, including the SEC's approval of 11 spot Bitcoin ETFs, the rise of NFT ordinals, and the introduction of BRC-20 smart contracts on the Bitcoin network. As a Data Analyst and Crypto Enthusiast, I've delved into Dune Analytics, querying the Bitcoin database to track essential onchain trends that can guide our investment decisions. In this first part of my Bitcoin data analysis, I'll present k...

The once-rejected asset class, have become the chief cornerstone of every investor’s portfolio.

The once-rejected asset class, have become the chief cornerstone of every investor’s portfolio.

Event logs are records generated when a smart contract emits an event. These logs provide additional details about state changes—modifications to a contract's data storage—resulting from executed transactions. For instance, a token transfer, which alters sender and receiver balances, qualifies as a state change recorded in the event logs. Each event log record consists of both topics and data. While topics are indexed parameters of an event, data contains the non-indexed parameters.Under...

Event logs are records generated when a smart contract emits an event. These logs provide additional details about state changes—modifications to a contract's data storage—resulting from executed transactions. For instance, a token transfer, which alters sender and receiver balances, qualifies as a state change recorded in the event logs. Each event log record consists of both topics and data. While topics are indexed parameters of an event, data contains the non-indexed parameters.Under...

Executive Summary The Goldilocks algorithm is a key component of Optimism’s Retro-Funding Evaluation, designed to reward onchain builders (projects) that demonstrate steady and balanced contributions across multiple metrics, with a strong focus on retention. However, as Optimism Season 7 shifts its priority to driving Total Value Locked (TVL), the current weight configuration reveals a significant limitation: it favors established projects while overlooking "rising stars"—emerging projects wi...

Executive Summary The Goldilocks algorithm is a key component of Optimism’s Retro-Funding Evaluation, designed to reward onchain builders (projects) that demonstrate steady and balanced contributions across multiple metrics, with a strong focus on retention. However, as Optimism Season 7 shifts its priority to driving Total Value Locked (TVL), the current weight configuration reveals a significant limitation: it favors established projects while overlooking "rising stars"—emerging projects wi...

The US SEC approved 11 spot BTC ETFs on January 10, 2024. Since then, more than $1.58 billion in netflows have been invested in these assets.Among the 11 Bitcoin ETFs, Grayscale’s ETF (GBTC) has experienced the most substantial net outflow, totaling $5.8 billion. Conversely, BlackRock’s IBIT has attracted approximately $3 billion in net inflows, and Fidelity’s FBTC has gained $2.4 billion over the last 3 weeks.A good explanation for GBTC’s significant outflow could be its relatively high fee ...

The US SEC approved 11 spot BTC ETFs on January 10, 2024. Since then, more than $1.58 billion in netflows have been invested in these assets.Among the 11 Bitcoin ETFs, Grayscale’s ETF (GBTC) has experienced the most substantial net outflow, totaling $5.8 billion. Conversely, BlackRock’s IBIT has attracted approximately $3 billion in net inflows, and Fidelity’s FBTC has gained $2.4 billion over the last 3 weeks.A good explanation for GBTC’s significant outflow could be its relatively high fee ...

Base is an Ethereum Layer-2 scaling solution launched in August 2022 by Coinbase engineer Jesse Pollak. Designed for security, affordability, and ease of use, Base aims to onboard the next billion users onchain. Built on Optimism's OP Stack, Base leverages the security of the Ethereum mainnet while offering significantly faster and cheaper transactions. This combination makes Base an attractive platform for developers and users alike. Base prioritizes building solutions for everyday use ...

Base is an Ethereum Layer-2 scaling solution launched in August 2022 by Coinbase engineer Jesse Pollak. Designed for security, affordability, and ease of use, Base aims to onboard the next billion users onchain. Built on Optimism's OP Stack, Base leverages the security of the Ethereum mainnet while offering significantly faster and cheaper transactions. This combination makes Base an attractive platform for developers and users alike. Base prioritizes building solutions for everyday use ...

At the heart of blockchain data are three fundamental data tables: transactions, traces, and logs. These tables capture the lifecycle of a transaction, from its inception to its final state. By understanding these core components, you will find it easier to query onchain data, build more intuitive dashboards, and create insightful reports.Lifecycle of a Blockchain TransactionLet’s take the example of you transferring USDT to a friend on the Ethereum chain. You sign the transaction to transfer...

At the heart of blockchain data are three fundamental data tables: transactions, traces, and logs. These tables capture the lifecycle of a transaction, from its inception to its final state. By understanding these core components, you will find it easier to query onchain data, build more intuitive dashboards, and create insightful reports.Lifecycle of a Blockchain TransactionLet’s take the example of you transferring USDT to a friend on the Ethereum chain. You sign the transaction to transfer...

Since the mining of the Bitcoin genesis block in 2009 and the approval of the first Bitcoin ETF by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in...

Since the mining of the Bitcoin genesis block in 2009 and the approval of the first Bitcoin ETF by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in...

When it comes to measuring real crypto user adoption, vanity metrics- like active addresses and transaction counts, don’t tell the whole story. We have to go beyond quantity to measure quality and user behaviour.

When it comes to measuring real crypto user adoption, vanity metrics- like active addresses and transaction counts, don’t tell the whole story. We have to go beyond quantity to measure quality and user behaviour.

Memecoins have emerged as a leading metagame in the crypto market so far in 2024, with their total market cap reaching $72.3 million, according to CoinGecko data. This trend is particularly strong on the Solana network, where memecoins like WIF, SLERF, and BOME have experienced impressive growth. Capitalizing on the memecoin trend, more retail investors are turning to the Base ecosystem, with DEGEN emerging as a favorite.DEGEN on BaseLaunched on the Base network in January 2024, DEGEN began a...

Memecoins have emerged as a leading metagame in the crypto market so far in 2024, with their total market cap reaching $72.3 million, according to CoinGecko data. This trend is particularly strong on the Solana network, where memecoins like WIF, SLERF, and BOME have experienced impressive growth. Capitalizing on the memecoin trend, more retail investors are turning to the Base ecosystem, with DEGEN emerging as a favorite.DEGEN on BaseLaunched on the Base network in January 2024, DEGEN began a...

You've probably followed my guide on working with raw transaction data and maybe even decoded event logs using ABIs from Etherscan. But sometimes you need to see more. You need to understand the inner workings of a smart contract interaction. This is where Traces come in…Traces provide a detailed, step-by-step view of every operation performed during a transaction. They go beyond the surface level of transactions and events, giving you a deep understanding of what's happening inside...

You've probably followed my guide on working with raw transaction data and maybe even decoded event logs using ABIs from Etherscan. But sometimes you need to see more. You need to understand the inner workings of a smart contract interaction. This is where Traces come in…Traces provide a detailed, step-by-step view of every operation performed during a transaction. They go beyond the surface level of transactions and events, giving you a deep understanding of what's happening inside...