A new frontier in public-market crypto investing is emerging—Digital Asset Treasury companies (DATs). These firms, following the playbook of MSTR (MicroStrategy), offer digital asset exposure through publicly traded, permanent capital vehicles. After carefully studying the nuances of this strategy, we’ve become strong believers in the investment thesis and favor concentrated bets.

As investors, we constantly challenge our own biases. Given MSTR’s persistent premium and investments from fundamentally driven funds like Capital Group and Norges, we see an asymmetric opportunity in the DAT trend. While the premium may not last forever, there are fundamental reasons why DATs trade above their net asset value (NAV).

The Core Bull Case: More BTC Per Share Over Time
The most basic bullish argument is that, through MSTR, investors can accumulate more BTC per share ("BPS") over time compared to buying BTC outright. Here’s a simple math example:

If you buy MSTR at twice its NAV, you’re effectively buying 0.5 BTC instead of 1.0 BTC via spot. But if MSTR can raise capital and grow BPS by 50% annually (it grew 74% last year), by the end of Year 2, you’d own 1.1 BTC—more than if you’d bought spot.

For this to hold, three things must be true:

1. Market Irrationality: Stocks don’t always trade at fair value. Any seasoned investor knows markets can be irrational, leading to premiums over NAV.

2. Volatility Arbitrage: MSTR’s high stock volatility enables it to issue convertible bonds or sell call options at rich premiums.

3. Management Savvy: The team must be financially adept enough to capitalize on these conditions.

Bridging Traditional Investors to Crypto
An underappreciated driver of DAT success is how they bridge traditional investor behavior with digital assets—essentially turning crypto into stocks. Strong demand for products like MSTR, ETFs, and newer DATs suggests significant capital was previously sidelined due to the complexity of native crypto products (e.g., setting up wallets or exchange accounts). It’s encouraging to see more capital entering the space, even if through "old" systems.

From a structural supply perspective, DATs also present an interesting contrast to ETFs: Buying DATs effectively locks up supply, as they function like one-way closed-end funds with low redemption risk. In contrast, ETF-held tokens can flow out as easily as they flow in. This dynamic may have a more positive impact on the underlying asset’s price, as DATs can accumulate more tokens without fueling sell pressure.

Pantera’s DAT Investments
Pantera has invested in several DATs:

• BTC DATs: The most notable is Twenty One Capital (NASDAQ: CEP), led by longtime Bitcoin advocate Jack Mallers. Backed by industry heavyweights—Tether, SoftBank, and Cantor Fitzgerald—the company is replicating MSTR’s strategy. Its smaller size allows faster BPS growth and higher premiums. Pantera was the largest investor in Twenty One’s post-IPO PIPE.

• SOL DATs: Pantera led the investment in DeFi Development Corp (NASDAQ: DFDV, formerly Janover), the first U.S. DAT for Solana. Led by CEO Joseph Onorati and CIO Parker White, DFDV applies MSTR’s playbook to SOL. Solana offers compelling advantages:

  • Greater upside potential due to its earlier-stage adoption curve.

  • Higher volatility than BTC, enabling better premium capture.

  • Staking yield can further boost SOL-per-share growth.

  • Limited alternatives (no public miners or spot ETFs) mean untapped demand.

• ETH DATs: Our latest bet is Sharplink Gaming (SBET), the first Ethereum DAT, backed by Consensys. Pantera has collaborated with its team for over a decade.

Pantera’s backing of DFDV, CEP, SBET, and their market success has spurred a wave of similar ventures—many of which we’re still actively evaluating.

A new frontier in public-market crypto investing is emerging—Digital Asset Treasury companies (DATs). These firms, following the playbook of MSTR (MicroStrategy), offer digital asset exposure through publicly traded, permanent capital vehicles. After carefully studying the nuances of this strategy, we’ve become strong believers in the investment thesis and favor concentrated bets.

As investors, we constantly challenge our own biases. Given MSTR’s persistent premium and investments from fundamentally driven funds like Capital Group and Norges, we see an asymmetric opportunity in the DAT trend. While the premium may not last forever, there are fundamental reasons why DATs trade above their net asset value (NAV).

The Core Bull Case: More BTC Per Share Over Time
The most basic bullish argument is that, through MSTR, investors can accumulate more BTC per share ("BPS") over time compared to buying BTC outright. Here’s a simple math example:

If you buy MSTR at twice its NAV, you’re effectively buying 0.5 BTC instead of 1.0 BTC via spot. But if MSTR can raise capital and grow BPS by 50% annually (it grew 74% last year), by the end of Year 2, you’d own 1.1 BTC—more than if you’d bought spot.

For this to hold, three things must be true:

1. Market Irrationality: Stocks don’t always trade at fair value. Any seasoned investor knows markets can be irrational, leading to premiums over NAV.

2. Volatility Arbitrage: MSTR’s high stock volatility enables it to issue convertible bonds or sell call options at rich premiums.

3. Management Savvy: The team must be financially adept enough to capitalize on these conditions.

Bridging Traditional Investors to Crypto
An underappreciated driver of DAT success is how they bridge traditional investor behavior with digital assets—essentially turning crypto into stocks. Strong demand for products like MSTR, ETFs, and newer DATs suggests significant capital was previously sidelined due to the complexity of native crypto products (e.g., setting up wallets or exchange accounts). It’s encouraging to see more capital entering the space, even if through "old" systems.

From a structural supply perspective, DATs also present an interesting contrast to ETFs: Buying DATs effectively locks up supply, as they function like one-way closed-end funds with low redemption risk. In contrast, ETF-held tokens can flow out as easily as they flow in. This dynamic may have a more positive impact on the underlying asset’s price, as DATs can accumulate more tokens without fueling sell pressure.

Pantera’s DAT Investments
Pantera has invested in several DATs:

• BTC DATs: The most notable is Twenty One Capital (NASDAQ: CEP), led by longtime Bitcoin advocate Jack Mallers. Backed by industry heavyweights—Tether, SoftBank, and Cantor Fitzgerald—the company is replicating MSTR’s strategy. Its smaller size allows faster BPS growth and higher premiums. Pantera was the largest investor in Twenty One’s post-IPO PIPE.

• SOL DATs: Pantera led the investment in DeFi Development Corp (NASDAQ: DFDV, formerly Janover), the first U.S. DAT for Solana. Led by CEO Joseph Onorati and CIO Parker White, DFDV applies MSTR’s playbook to SOL. Solana offers compelling advantages:

  • Greater upside potential due to its earlier-stage adoption curve.

  • Higher volatility than BTC, enabling better premium capture.

  • Staking yield can further boost SOL-per-share growth.

  • Limited alternatives (no public miners or spot ETFs) mean untapped demand.

• ETH DATs: Our latest bet is Sharplink Gaming (SBET), the first Ethereum DAT, backed by Consensys. Pantera has collaborated with its team for over a decade.

Pantera’s backing of DFDV, CEP, SBET, and their market success has spurred a wave of similar ventures—many of which we’re still actively evaluating.